Merck Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Statement of the Problem Merck & Co. , Inc. , a leading pharmaceutical company, faces the threat of the patents of its most popular drugs expiring in 2002. The only way to counter the loss of sales from these drugs going off patent is to develop new drugs in order to refresh the company’s portfolio. LAB Pharmaceuticals, a small pharmaceutical company who specializes in the treatment of neurological disorders, has approached Merck with the opportunity to license Davanrik, a new drug with the potential to treat both depression and obesity. The drug is currently in pre-clinical development and would still need to pass a seven year and three phase testing process approved by the FDA. Under the licensing agreement, Merck would compensate LAB with an initial fee, milestone payments as the drug progresses through each phase, and royalty on sales. Merck must make a decision on whether or not to license the drug. If Merck does decide to license the drug, it must also decide how much the drug is worth. Discussion A decision will be madeusing both qualitative factors and quantitative analysis. Qualitatively, this opportunity is positive for both Merck and LAB. Licensing this drug will allow Merck to insert a newly patented compound into the market and to bypass the discovery and preclinical testing phases. By being able to skip those two phases, Merck can go straight to clinical testing saving it six to seven years, which helps Merck deal with its patent life cycle in a more effective manner. LAB has never had a drug successfully complete the FDA approval process in its 15-year history. Its stock price had also fallen by 30% after its most recent FDA denial. Therefore, by licensing this Davanrik to Merck, LAB would be able to receive some much-needed cash. A successful transaction between Merck and LAB could also lead to future opportunities. Quantitatively, a decision tree analysis was used to value this opportunity because as long as Merck only accepts projects with a positive expected value it will earn profits more often then lose money. Through the analysis of the expected value of each possible outcome, the expected value of licensing Davanrikfrom LAB is $13. 98 million including payments to LAB of $16. 68 million. Although the FDA approval process has a 40% Phase Iand a 70% Phase II failure rate, the cost f failing early on is only $30 million and $70 million, respectively, relative to the opportunity to earn as much as $1. 28 billion if successful. Recommendation Merck should license Davanrikfrom LAB for no more than $13. 98 million. The company is facedwith the risk of declining profits if new drugs are not developed since many of its patents are expiring soon. Therefore, it is necessary to invest in new drug developments. Als o, the expected value of $13. 98 million indicates that this opportunity is profitable and that Merck can receive up to $1. 28 billion by licensing the compound.

Organizational behavior of HK Disneyland Essay

Introduction Hong Kong Disneyland, opened to visitors in 2005, is one of the two largest theme parks in Hong Kong. It successfully brings magical experience of Walt Disney to all the visitors just like other Disneyland around the world. Hong Kong Disneyland has created a culture for their employees with open communication with their managers and subordinates, professional training, and rewards. This philosophy of treating employees well has long been adopted by Walt Disney for many years. The belief of Walt Disney is that you can have joyful guests as long as you have employees who enjoy working for Disneyland and bringing happiness to visitors. With the comprehensive training for each employee, they make all visitors  experience a memorable magical moment. No matter the cast of Disney characters, or the people working in Disneyland’s restaurants or hotels, all of them receive comprehensive training. This training can ensure that every Disney employee can work together as a team, and provide excellent customer services to cater for their customers’ needs. In this report, we will illustrate how Disneyland incorporates organizational behavior concepts to create a culture for their employees where they feel satisfactory for their work environment and feel that they are important to the team. Motivation and learning are two main focuses in our research. We will also provide suggestions on how Disneyland can further improve in terms of organizational culture. Motivation Hong Kong Disneyland has many ways to motivate its employees to work. Our team is going to apply Theory X and Theory Y, Herzberg’s two-factor theory, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need these three theories to analyze the employee motivation methods of Hong Kong Disneyland Theory X and Theory Y Here is a brief introduction on the Theory X before the application on Disneyland. Theory X based on pessimistic assumptions. It is impediment to employee morale and productivity. For example, it assumed that labors are inherently lazy and avoid to work, only interested in money and in need of close supervision. Also, they would have little ambition without incentive programs, avoid responsibility and need to be driven through control systems. So, once the manager adopting this theory, they will end everything in blame without evaluating the situation, structure the work, energize the employees and also in authoritarian style based on the threat of punishment. Here comes to the application on theory X. According to the spokesperson of Disneyland, Angela Bliss, Disney employees have to adhere to strict guidelines and rules for their behavior and appearance. Once hired, they have to maintain the â€Å"Disney Look, and the Disney look is a fresh, clean and  approachable look, ensuring that every guest feels comfortable with our entire cast. Therefore, â€Å"Cast members,† Disney’s way of referring to their employees, receive a â€Å"Disney look book† that details all of the requirements, emphasizing a natural look with natural hair color and makeup. The purpose in doing this is to keep the focus on the ‘show’ and not on the individual cast member. Besides, a cast member with purple hair may not appear approachable to all of their guests. According to Disney rules, anytime a cast member confronts a guest who appears lost or frazzled, the employee must offer their help and point them in the right direction. Pointing must always be done with either two fingers or the full hand. So, the above showed that the workers in Disney are suffered serious and high intensive instructions and rules by the theory X style managers. What’s more, with reference to the article by Jason Garcia, Orlando Sentinel on November 16, 2010, The Walt Disney Co. has issued a new policy banning employees from texting while driving on the job. The ban applies to all of the Burbank, Calif.-based entertainment giant’s worldwide employees — including its roughly 60,000 workers at Walt Disney World. The policy, which recently took effect, also prohibits employees from making or receiving phone calls while driving on the job unless they use a single earpiece. It applies to workers who are either driving company vehicles or using their own vehicles while on the job. Disney punishments for workers caught violating the driving policy will be decided on case-by-case basis. The policy does not apply to employees during their drives to or from work. In short, the evidences above status that the management of theory X style, use to set up regulations and punishments to motivate their ‘‘actors’’. On the other hand, here comes to the theory Y. On the contrary, it based on positive assumptions, and also more positive view of workers and the possibilities that create. For instance, they assumed that employees are ambitious, self-motivated and anxious to accept greater responsibility. Employees exercise self-control, self-direction, autonomy and empowerment,  also exercise creativity and become forward looking. So, once the managers are adopted this theory, they believes that people want to do well at work, have a pool of unused creativity and that the satisfaction of doing a job is in itself motivating. Here comes to the application on theory Y. The Walt Disney Co focuses on creating a culture in which employees can flourish and find meaning in their work. Together with more than 10,000 online reference materials and resources, instructor-led classes, performance support systems, and education reimbursement for job-related degree programs, The Walt Disney Company offers an array of tools. From the website of The Walt Disney Co., they claimed that ‘It takes a special kind of person to work at The Walt Disney Company. Our employees and cast members contribute to the success of our many brands in a way no other company can match. That is why our employees and cast members are the most valuable part of our organization. But we know your life isn’t just about work. You have additional things going on – family, friends, personal interests, education and more. The Walt Disney Company offers a comprehensive total rewards package that helps you live your best life, grow p ersonally and professionally, and get rewarded for the results you deliver. The programs, benefits and perks you receive as an employee or cast member may vary based on where you live and work. But when you add it all up, the total package provides the same results: your total rewards support you throughout all stages of your life and career.’ Herzberg’s two-factor theory The two-factor theory states that there are certain factors in the workplace that cause job satisfaction, while a separate set of factors cause dissatisfaction. The theory suggests that to improve job attitudes and productivity, administrators must recognize and attend to both sets of characteristics and not assume that an increase in satisfaction leads to decrease in not pleasurable dissatisfaction. Two-factor theory distinguishes between motivators and hygiene factors based on the notion that the presence of one set of job characteristics or incentives leads to worker satisfaction at work, while another and separate  set of job characteristics leads to dissatisfaction at work. Therefore, satisfaction and dissatisfaction are not on a continuum with one increasing as the other diminishes, but are independent phenomena. Motivators such as challenging work, achievements, recognition, responsibility, or anything else that given positive satisfaction, arising from intrinsic conditions of the job itself, which is based on the long lasting working environment but not short-lasting achievement. The Walt Disney Company offers a comprehensive total rewards package that helps employee live better life, grow personally and professionally, and get rewarded for the results they deliver, for example, there are incentive and special recognition programs which includes quality of work, length of service, community volunteerism and employee of the month recognition. Reward will be varied by company, job status, location and/or the terms of any applicable collective bargaining agreement. The company have a diverse workforce is critical to the business. Variety of opinions, ideas and perspectives to ensure staff and their managers continue to top the performance and represent the company’s global marketplace. When employee reflects the communities, it can enhance the way for them connect to guests, audiences and consumers. Employee can feel that they work toward an inclusive environment that fosters creativity, innovation and camaraderie across all of the Disney companies. The c ulture can also inspire the workers. For instance, they are committed to a tradition of innovation and technology. Employee can be easily given job satisfaction from setting a high standard of excellence and maintain high-quality standards across all product categories. Apart from that, working in The Walt Disney Company can always enjoy in the joyful atmosphere as the entertainment is about hope, aspiration and positive outcomes, they can create positive and inclusive ideas about families and provide entertainment experiences for all generations to share. The rewarding, inclusive and supportive work environment is committed by the company. Thus, the staffs are able to gain satisfaction from working in Disney. Hygiene factors, for example, status, job security, salary, work conditions,  the benefits for employee, that do not give positive satisfaction, though dissatisfaction results from their absence. The Walt Disney Company provides employee base salaries with the total compensation opportunity and health and wellness benefits which includes medical, Disney Health Pursuits Wellness resources, Employee Assistance Program (EAP), behavioral health, prescription drug coverage, dental, healthcare and dependent day care flexible spending accounts, accident and disability Insurance, long-term care insurance. Besides, the employee can have enough time off working in Disney. They can have 11 paid holidays per year, vacation, sick pay and short-term disability, leaves of absence, bereavement and jury duty, personal life resources, group legal plan, adoption assistance program and onsite childcare centers. Moreover, they can also enjoy the retirement and financial benefits. 401(k) savings plan wi th company match, retirement savings plan for salaried employees and employee stock purchase program would be included. Also, they can enjoy special extras which are complimentary theme park admissions, employee discounts, merchandise discounts at Disney-owned stores, company-sponsored events and services, Disney employee matching gifts, commuter assistance program and many other unique advantages. Last but not least, some world-class training programs are customizable for employee to join such as professional development, management and leadership development, computer skills, business immersion programs and individual career development as the company encourages staff to learn and reach their goals. To sum up, the Herzberg’s two-factor theory can be applied into The Walt Disney Company as motivators and hygiene factors can be found in the policy of the company and working environment. It can satisfy both motivators and hygiene factors of employee and that is the reason staffs enjoy to work there. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need Maslow’s theory relates motivation to a hierarchy of needs. At the bottom are essential physiological needs such as air, food, shelter and clothing. As individuals satisfy one level of need, their motivations change as they aspire to reach the higher order needs. Therefore, to motivate an individual Maslow suggests that it is necessary to know where within the hierarchy each  employee is placed so that these factors can be taken into account. Physiological needs – Hong Kong Disneyland offers competitive salaries. This gives employees the means to acquire the basic needs for living. Also, provide benefits programme to employees which suit them. These benefits and competitive salaries help workers’ pay go further and so motivate them to be loyal to the company. In Hong Kong Disneyland, empolyees can earn more than just a pay-check and will receive a total rewards package that consists of different types of compensation and benefits, such as: Cast exclusive MTR discount scheme Comprehensive group medical insurance, including outpatient, hospitalisation, specialist, Chinese herbalist and dental services Group life and group personal accident insurance Discretionary gratuity Paid annual leave, maternity leave, marriage leave and examination leave Overtime payment for frontline overtime eligible positions Overnight shift premium Laundry services for uniforms and costume Safety needs – Hong Kong Disneyland values the safety of all employees. It is committed to providing a safe and healthy work environment to prevent accidents. Hong Kong Disneyland provides a clear rule and regulation to employees. For example, how to access the control of the machines; therefore employees are accountable to create a safe working environment too – that means they have to take responsibility for observing the health and safety rules and practices. Hong Kong Disnetland also offers employees a range of working patterns. For example, it provide a flexible working schedule, some employees may want to work as a part-time, they can choose among the schedule. This helps employees to choose the best option for a healthy work-life balance. Social needs – These are associated with a feeling of belonging. These provide informal opportunities for employees to get along with each other. This helps strengthen teams and enhances workers’ sense of belonging. Having an open approach to communication keeps everybody focused on the Hong Kong Disneyland’s aims helps individuals contribute to the company. In Hong Kong Disneyland, there is a RACE Club which provides a variety of interest programs, instructor-led courses and outdoor recreational activities for cast members and their family and friends. The RACE Club strives to promote diversity and work-life balance for cast members. It is also a platform for passionate and talented cast members to unleash their potential by being program instructors. Esteem – All employees in Hong Kong Disneyland have a need to be respected and to respect themselves. Esteem is the normal employees desire to be accepted and valued by others. Employees need to engage themselves in activities, to gain recognition and a sense of contribution. Esteem needs can intersect with motivation in the Hong Kong Disneyland too. For example, employees’ voice will be heard at the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. Cast members are welcome to share any feedback employees may have with the Cast Advisory Council (CAC). The CAC meets regularly to listen to cast member feedback and make suggestions to improve the working environment. Self-actualisation – Hong Kong Disneyland provides employees with the opportunity to take on challenging and stimulating responsibilities. This enables them to develop and improve. Hong Kong Disneyland offers more than 100 instructor-led programs to all cast members, including the Operations and Professional Teams. As a full time cast member, Employees can receive an average of 35 training hours per year to help them excel in their career. Typical instructor-led training courses include: Classes for All Cast Members: Disney Traditions Training Communicating Effectively in the Workplace Giving and Receiving Feedback in Disney Style Influencing Team Members as a Role Model Good Show Begins with Me Classes for All Managers: Coaching for Win-Win Outcome Problem Solving & Decision Making Skills Time Management Seminars and conferences hosted by Guest Speakers Learning Organizational Learning in Disneyland Learning in Disneyland take parts in three aspects, it includes Disney University, DU Learningland and Emerging Leader Program. 1. Disney University The Disney University (DU) offers more than 100 instructor-led programs to all cast members, including the Operations and Professional Teams. As a full time cast member, people can receive an average of 35 training hours per year to help them excel in their career. This also acts as a guide to providing world-class service to our guests. Typical instructor-led training courses include: Classes for All Cast Members: -Disney Traditions Training -Communicating Effectively in the Workplace -Giving and Receiving Feedback in Disney Style -Influencing Team Members as a Role Model Classes for All Managers: -Coaching for Win-Win Outcome -Problem Solving & Decision Making Skills -Time Management -Seminars and conferences hosted by Guest Speakers 2. DU Learningland The DU Learningland provides a wide variety of self-learning materials to study at workers own pace. There are about 1,000 collections including Disney feature films and books on career development as well as personal growth. 3. Emerging Leaders Program Hong Kong Disneyland Emerging Leaders Program can help workers develop for future leadership roles at the Hong Kong Disneyland Resort. The six-month program focuses on developing your core leadership competencies. During the training, workers and other cast members work on group projects, attend classroom training and do on-the-job shadowing with a Guest Service Manager. Current situation of learning aspects in Hong Kong Disneyland 1. Explicit knowledge Explicit knowledge is Knowledge that is articulated through language, such as documents. Hong Kong Disneyland provides training to its workers. With the aim to progress along a steep learning curve, Disneyland offers learning opportunities for the trainees, including classroom training that give workers guidelines of the way workers should behave. 2. Tacit knowledge Tacit knowledge refers to knowledge acquired through observation and direct experience. From the recruitment post of Hong Kong Disneyland, it suggests that previous work experience at Hong Kong Disneyland Resort (e.g. Part Time Host / Internship) or any other Disney theme parks will be considered as an added advantage. This proves the workers are likely to have some experience of welcoming guest before they enter the firm. Moreover, abundant mentorship and mentoring workshops are offered to colleagues so that that new workers can have deeper understanding about Hong Kong Disneyland more easily. 3. Skills Most of the job offered in Hong Kong Disneyland requires that applicants should have excellent command of English and Chinese, including spoken Cantonese and Mandarin. Despite the language requirement, Hong Kong Disneyland further requires candidates have the ability to demonstrate strong computer proficiency with Microsoft Office applications, including Microsoft Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Outlook, familiarity with Apple presentation products, and willingness to learn new software programs Generally, Language skills and computer skills are the two fundamental skills that Hong Kong Disneyland is looking for. 4. Attitude Hong Kong Disneyland demands that workers should demonstrate outgoing personality with good communication skill. Moreover, applicants should be those that are energetic, strong team-players and passionate about Disney. That is to say, Hong Kong Disneyland tries to let co-workers to imagine working for an organization that brings smiles to millions every year, or working with people whose passion for what they do is simply indescribable. Problems of Disney Learning Style From the above description, we find that Disneyland provide extensive training program to their employees. These training programs have equipped their employees with basic knowledge on facilitating daily operation of Disneyland; however, these training programs do not equip employees with creativity on how to make their service better. In other word, the training programs of Disneyland do not give enough reinforcement to their employees. Reinforcement is classified into two categories: positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement. Positive reinforcement occurs when positive consequence is presented to a desired behavior while negative reinforcement refers to the presentation of negative consequence to undesired behavior. Both operant conditioning and classical conditioning state that extinction of particular behavior will occurs if reinforcement is no longer presented upon the completion of behavior which is previously reinforced. Moreover, social learning theory also suggested that human will learn though observing because of self-reinforcement. In other words, reinforcement has played a very important role in every types of learning. Without reinforcement of desirable behavior and severe punishment of misbehavior, employees may not have any incentive to perform better. Some of them may even lose their incentive to maintain their expected performance and withdraw from Disneyland. This may lead to severe consequences Disneyland in a few aspects. First, with employee losing their work incentives, there will be a reduction of average customer service quality. As Disneyland aims to bring the greatest experience to its customer, their reputation as the world most famous theme park may be harmed. Moreover, if employees resign from Disneyland frequently, the turnover rate of staff is high. In this case, not  only the cost of training newly join staff will increase, the time of training new staff will also be boost as every Disneyland staff needs to receive sufficient training before they become available to work. With the total c ost increase in a great proportion, this will lead to a loss of comparative advantage of Disneyland. To solve the problems mentioned above, Disneyland may need to provide enough external reinforcement and self-reinforcement to their employees. Suggestions 1) Since Disneyland is a service industry, their staffs are required to provide high-quality customer services. And this kind of customer service is not only an explicit knowledge, but also a tacit knowledge. That is, knowledge acquired through observation and direct experience, it cannot be obtained directly through knowledge, such as document. Explicit knowledge is provided by Disney University, while tacit knowledge can be learnt from on-job training, new worker are asked to observe their mentor and learn. At the same time, employees are required to deal with different scenarios to obtain customer satisfaction, and they can only learn through real-time experience since there are many unexpected situations happened in reality. So, extensive training can just provide the existing and past experience to their employees and after they obtained the explicit knowledge from Disney University, they can apply it to customers and make a change to satisfy customers with different needs. And this implies practice makes perfect, only through dealing with actual cases with continuing improvement to obtain a high-quality customer service and that is a tacit knowledge. 2) Positive reinforcement can be used since it occurs when a positive outcome follows a desired behavior. In this case, desired behavior will be the high quality service provided by employees, positive outcome can be bonus and commissions. It is the common way for manager to create learning among their employees, and it becomes the motivator for employees to provide a better service in order to achieve the target set by Disneyland. Before the positive outcome launched, employees will less be motivated since they think there is no problem to work as usual. But after having this positive  outcome, it will motivate employees to provide a better customer service as they want to get the bonus based on the checkpoint set by Disneyland which is related to themselves, the monetary benefit. So, it can create a win-win outcome that Disneyland can continue to have a positive reputation and a continuing improvement on customer relationship through the effort provided by employees, at the same time employees can receive bonus as rewards to affirm their effort directly. Employees can learn from social learning theory. First, behavioral modeling and learning behavior consequences are observing and modeling behavior of others and its consequences afterwards; Since one department have lots of employees who have their own method to deal with customer matters, like the ways to deliver customer service when dealing with customers with different tempers, so everyone can be a role model towards the others. For example, for a host at Chef Mickey (Food and Beverage), there are many staff to serve customers, such as ordering, serving, and cleaning up. They can first observe how the other staffs perform their job responsibilities to get customers’ satisfaction, and then the consequence is they can improve themselves to provide a smoother customer service after observation and modeling. For self-reinforcement, it is a conclusion that employees should reinforce their behavior with consequences within their control after the learning from observation. Disneyland can carry out the performance management through defining the criteria: define what is high-quality customer service by the management department, items may include customer preferences, establishing rapport, dealing with complaints, promoting and up-selling; measuring and appraising employees’ performance: how often to carry out quality assessment and when will have appraisals based on the needs with the current situation, like the peak season for Christmas or The Lunar New Year; providing them either positive or negative feedback: using face-to-face approach in order to deliver their feedback directly: self-reinforcement will occur if the feedback is positive, employees can accumulate a higher marks for the overall performance in order to get the bonus and rewards from achieving the checkpoint set by Disneyland. And their performance can be  improved through providing a better service to achieve the bonus and rewards, learning from colleagues, personal development, such as the goals and schedule set by an individual to provide a better customer service. 3) Using a reward allocation decisions can shape ones behavior in Disneyland. Which people to reward: who meet the requirement of providing high-quality customer service, how to reward them: whether using monetary or non-monetary term. When to reward them, depending when will the appraisals be released. Since Disneyland is a service industry, using team reward systems will be more appropriate as employees should have a good interpersonal and communication quality, and this reward approach can emphasize cooperation and joint efforts, also employees can share their experience to others in order to achieve a better performance and gain a higher reward through cooperation. At the same time, competency-based reward should be used as a financial reward practice as it is the fundamental part of employment relationship. The pay has multiple meanings, such as symbol of success which provides high-quality customer service performance, reinforcement and motivator, reducing anxiety that the worries about how is their own customer service providing performance. Competency-based reward is a pay increases with competencies acquired and demonstrated. It is a skill-based pay which means how well is the customer service provided, pay will be increased with skill modules learned. The advantages is having flexibility on the workload with a better quality, since different employees will provide different customer service, they can learn from dealing with real-time cases in order to adjust how can the customer service be delivered better. Not only is this reward focusing on individual rewards: commissions, but also team rewards: gain sharing and the most important part – organizational rewards: profit sharing, stock options, balanced scorecard. 4) It is suitable to use the job rotation in Disneyland. The existing one is  called the Internal Transfer Process, which is eligible to regular full time cast members who have been employed at Hong Kong Disneyland Resort and held their current position for at least six months. And the purpose is to provide Cast Members with cross-functional transfer opportunities and equip them to be multi-functional and multi-tasked. Cast members can first have six-months experience in their department, after being familiar with its job responsibilities and they feel it is time for them to experience the different challenges, they can submit the application for internal transfer without getting a supervisor’s approval. They can transfer within a Single Team, across different teams or between Operations Team and Professional Team with the same career path. And they can have job rotation after their demonstrated performance, education background, as well as work experience being assessed. Undoubtedly, it has a slightly difference with the job rotation approach since cast members need to submit their application and be assessed. However, the goal is actually similar that offers their employees a chance to have internal transfer. It can minimize repetitive strain injury and reduce the job boredom after staying as the same position for a long time; it is good for employees to experience different customers’ needs through working in different department and it is the only way for them to obtain a real experience through working by their own but not on books or documents. At the same time, there will be some drawbacks that cannot be ignored, such as the extra resources on training as some employees may only work for six months and have internal transfer, that means they need another training which lead to an extra cost on training, the extra training cost will be much higher for employees transferring between Operations Team and Professional Team because the trainin g criteria are totally different; also employees may not be an expert in all fields, this problem may occur frequently also in the case of transferring between Operations Team and Professional Team, since the job requirement will be totally different and they need more theoretical knowledge to manage employees or work out for a win-win outcome and also have decision making which will have a significant influence of Disneyland’s market share or status. Conclusion Hong Kong Disneyland has demonstrated how a world class theme park creates a working atmosphere for its employees. As motivation and learning are always two most important aspects of employee management, so our team has taken these two factors for study. In motivation aspect, we have introduced Herzberg’s two-factor theory and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need to explain the motivation of employees. The two factor theory and the hygiene factors can be applied in the ways that how Hong Kong Disneyland motivates its employees. The Maslow’s Hierarchy of Need explains how Hong Kong Disneyland motivates its employees according to the five stages of needs, that is, physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem, and self-actualization. In learning aspect, currently, Hong Kong Disneyland provides Disneyland University and mentoring sections for its employees to acquire both explicit and tacit knowledge. Its problem is that is does not give enough reinforcement to the employees on bettering the services, resulting in lower incentives and even job resignation. Therefore, we have suggested Hong Kong Disneyland to provide positive reinforcement such as bonus and team reward to boost their motivation and arrange job rotati on to keep the employees’ passion about the company as well as their job. In a nutshell, Hong Kong Disneyland is an international level organization hiring thousands of employees for operation. Its employee management method is a great model for studying but there are still rooms for improvement.

Comparing the Open Window and the Tell-Tale Heart

Using the Ideas of Northrup Frye to Compare The Open Window and The Tell-Tale Heart Brett Eiffes According to Northrup Frye’s book, The Anatomy of Criticism, there are two different modes of prose: the romance and the novel. In the case of shorter prose he calls them the tale and the short story. The short story, The Open Window by Saki, and the tale, The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe, demonstrate these two modes of prose fiction. While reading The Open Window I found it a more realistic and extroverted story while the Tell-Tale Heart was more of an unlikely and introverted story.These two different stories each show different aspects of the tale and the short story. Both of these stories were set in a house however, we know that The Tell-Tale Heart is set in a house in the past as result of a few details Edgar Allan Poe reveals. For example, the speaker uses a lantern and he also states, â€Å"the shutters were close fastened† (2). We are also not entirely sure wh y the speaker is in the Old Man’s house or why he belongs there. This tale is set in the past in a mysterious location, both of which are characteristics of the tale.In contrast, The Open Window is set in a lavish, early twentieth century English home. The story has a more contemporary setting compared to that of The Tell-Tale Heart. Although the stories both take place in a house, the time in which they are set is different. These two stories also have two different viewpoints. The Tell-Tale Heart is a first-person narrative, which relies on the narrator, while The Open Window has an omniscient third-person viewpoint. These viewpoints reflect the ideas, developed by Northrup Frye, of the tale and of the short story.The types of characters introduced in each of these stories is different, in that Saki presents us with believable, everyday people while Edgar Allan Poe presents us with characters who are larger than life. The main character of Vera in The Open Window has a mix of good and bad characteristics. She is introduced as â€Å"a very self-possessed young lady of fifteen† (140). However, we then learn that Vera lied to Mr. Nuttel about the passing of the Sappleton family.We see two different sides of this character, the cool and collected fifteen-year-old girl and the story telling liar. Vera is seen as a typical teenage girl, messing with people and putting on a nice smile. She is a believable everyday person. We are never told who the main character presented in The Tell-Tale Heart is; however, we do know he is narrating the story. This mysterious character is larger than life and he convinces the readers that he is mentally insane. This is proven when he shrieks, â€Å"’Villains! ’†¦ ‘dissemble no more!I admit the deed! – tear up the planks! -here, here! – it is the beating of his hideous heart! ’† (6). This is often a common characteristic of characters in tales. Both of the main char acters present in these stories fit the ideas of Northrup Frye. The different plots demonstrated in these stories also reflect the ideas presented by Northrup Frye. The Open Window is a possible story in which the characters maneuver around a central situation. The central situation is the idea of the Sappleton family dying in a shooting accident.This is different compared to the plot demonstrated in The Tale-Tell Heart, which allows for the suggestion of unrealistic forces or powers, for example supernatural elements. The plot of this story leans towards fantasy. The plot in The Open Window reflects the characteristics of the short story, while the plot in The Tell-Tale Heart reflects the characteristics of the tale. When compared, these two stories are tragically different. They are both classic examples of the two different types of prose fiction.The Open Window perfectly exemplifies the short story, a contemporary, realistic setting and plot with believable, everyday characters. In contrast The Tell-Tale Heart reflects the ideas of the tale by presenting a supernatural plot occurring in the past. These two stories reflect the ideas of prose of Northrup Frye. As a member of Moorestown Friends School, I affirm my honesty, academic integrity, and responsibility to the school community by neither giving nor receiving unpermitted aid during this assessment. ______________________________________________

Sales Prediction for Northern Household Goods Case Study

Sales Prediction for Northern Household Goods - Case Study Example ion is the commonly used model in management sciences while its application is significantly noted in the areas of social sciences and natural sciences as well. However, in simpler terms, the statistical technique is used in order to determine the level of predicted variable on the basis of each amount of the predictor. Furthermore, the application of bipolar regression is dying out because one outcome variable in indeed influenced by multitude of the inputs such as the level of one’s organizational commitment is influenced by supervisory behaviors of the company, his or her pay-scale and nature of the job. In the given case, an organization is interested in developing a scatter diagram of the relationship between retail sales and disposal incomes of the family then the company is also looking to develop a linear regression model between the abovementioned variables. The 95% confidence interval about population data’s slope and finally, it is required to determine the l evel of sales if income of the household remains constant at the level of $58000. The p-value associated with X as a predictor of Y highlights that the relationship between the two variables is statistically significant. The lower and upper bound values determined in the preceding table for B represent a following 95% confidence interval: - In the light of established linear model, we can assume that the company can sell 23963 units if the household income would be 58000. However, we can establish that sales can be successfully predicted with the help of entering the level of household incomes of the

Strategic Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Strategic Management - Assignment Example king from both internal and external influences, explains strategies used by Davies in launching this new line, and proposes recommendations about whether this new launch can provide a return on the investment. The PEST Analysis, as part of environmental scanning, provides an opportunity to witness the different external conditions that influence decision-making. This model recognises political, economic, social and technological forces that will determine a firm’s adaptability to external trends. From the political view, Davies’ new business intends to launch 25 stores. Success domestically will determine whether to take this brand international and strategy could be impacted by different taxation or tariffs on imported products, cutting into the profit margin. Depending on the country where Davies might export his goods, political forces can determine speed of new market entry or regulate volume being delivered. The economic environment plays a considerable role in how a business develops strategy. Where this new line will be introduced, the UK, there is a current recession that impacts consumers at all different levels and market segments. In response to consumers slowing their purchases, especially in retail, high-end companies like Versace have stopped production on five different product lines in lower-priced ranges since they were not showing signs of profitability (Choi, 2009). Further, Tiffany closed its business focusing on Iridesse pearl jewelry to focus on diamonds due to sales slumps (Choi). This illustrates how the economic environment drives companies to streamline their product lines or enhance their sales focus on higher-profiting products. Spending patterns in consumer groups can strongly impact strategic direction, especially at the operational level like at Versace. Social trends, also external, impact how a company conducts business in a certain environment. A recent survey of citizens in Asia identified that Asians tend to worry about

Classroom Development of Diabetes and Prevention among Nursing Research Paper

Classroom Development of Diabetes and Prevention among Nursing Students - Research Paper Example   Classroom development strategies of preventing diabetes and as a means of creating awareness of diabetes among nursing students will impact decision-making traits in the nursing students. This is since they will be involved in making of pertinent decisions that will serve as implementing strategies to curb the menace of diabetes. This is of relevance to the students since it trains them in the acquisition of skills that will be relevant in their leadership positions in the future. This is attributed to the fact that the escalating trends of risk factors to diabetes call for need to develop new strategies and program. This entails that by the nursing students developing classroom programs of diabetes prevention and awareness, they are contributing to the policies that are required to aid in reducing the prevalence of diabetes (Deshpande, et al., 2008). Policymaking process is a dire necessity in diabetes prevention programs. Consequently, it is a core requirement for any nursing s tudent who aspires to hold a managerial position in his or her career prospects. Classroom development of diabetes prevention and awareness to nursing student is a form of policymaking that the nursing students get exposed to and have the opportunity of practicing. By the nursing students developing classroom development programs, they are able to learn about the components of a policy and the relevant stakeholders in policy formation. This is of relevance to them since in their managerial posts in the nursing profession.; they will be required to formulate policies and this beginner is dire for them. Policy making in diabetes prevention and awareness programs is relevant since it teaches the nursing students of their responsibility in stimulating community action and making the community aware of the role they need to play to bring about change. Policies belong to the people upon whom they are implemented and hence theses people need to be

Financial Analysis for Managers Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Financial Analysis for Managers - Article Example However, the highly competitive nature of today’s corporate world has given rise to an essence of unethical behaviour which underlies a majority of business operations; in order to ensure their success. Many a times, unethical behaviour in the workplace has an immense negative impact on the organization and its employees. These effects can be psychological, financial, social, or even bureaucratic in nature. Financially speaking, if a company adheres to unethical means, then it endangers its image in the eyes of the public, and less people would be interested in dealing with the firm. These may include suppliers, financial institutions, customers and distributors. Such a trade-less condition obviously is a set-back to the revenue, and thus the profit of the company. Moreover, from an intra-firm point of view, employees would have lesser faith in a company which does not deal ethically with the public, as there emerges a possibility of the firm using corrupt means against employ ees; if need be someday. Not only does this encourage the existing workforce to leave the firm, it also keeps potential employees to join the firm. This proves to be disastrous for the company’s overall growth and progress.

The Role of the HIM Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Role of the HIM Manager - Essay Example The health care industry was the largest industry in 2006 which provided 14 million jobs in addition to 438,000 jobs for the self employed (BLS, 2008). The health care industry delivers care round the clock to millions of people. This requires combining the medical technology with the human touch. The health care industry consists of nine different segments – hospitals, nursing and residential care facilities, office of physicians, office of dentists, home health care services, offices of other health care practitioners, outpatient care centers, other ambulatory health care services and medical and diagnostic laboratories. The hospitals constitute only 1 percent of all healthcare establishments but they employ 35% of all workers. Workers in health care tend to be older than workers in other industries. Health occupations require high level of education and training due to which the health care workers are more likely to remain employed in the same occupation. Health Informatio n Management (HIM) Professionals are vital to any health care organization. This paper will discuss their job description and responsibilities, the challenges they face in discharging their duties and their responsibility towards handling legal and regulatory issues. The HIM professionals are also known by other designations such as Administrative Support Personnel, Health Care Technologist, Health Record Technician, Information Clerk, Information Specialist, Medical Technologist, Office Personnel (Alberta, 2007). The health records in any health care centre contain records about the patients’ history and courses of treatment. These may also include the physicians’ note, forms for prescribed medication, input from other members of the treatment team. While the health records departments are open for longer hours the HIM professionals work in shifts and generally work a standard work week. Their work profile entails spending the better part of the day at the

Veterinary school personal statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Veterinary school - Personal Statement Example Being an intern at the Vancouver Aquarium I had the opportunity to work with a variety of animals such as sloths and tortoises – but one of my favorite parts of working there was sharing my passion and knowledge of animals with guests of the aquarium. Another inspiring experience at the Vancouver aquarium was when I shadowed the vet at the aquarium and observed him working with the animals both on exhibit and at the Marine Mammal Rescue Center, behind the scenes of the aquarium. Getting to observe Dr. Martin Haulena aid in rehabilitating injured or orphaned marine mammals  was  very inspiring.   Another challenging part of this job is that it’s not just about learning one species, but dealing with a wide array of animals and understanding them. When I think about being a vet, one of the most difficult tasks coming to my mind is the fact that one cannot simply ask the animals what is hurting them, and that even adds emphasis to the importance of professionalism and knowledge. The important lesson I have learned is that there will be hardships in this life, but there is still incredible beauty to be seen in our broken world. In one of my favorite books, Finding Beauty in a Broken World the author, T. T. Williams, uses a metaphor of a mosaic, writing, â€Å"mosaic celebrates brokenness and the beauty of being brought together.† I want to make a change in lives of both people and animals creating a beautiful mosaic in this world, one made from the incredible healing connection between the lives of humans and animals. To my thinking, each living being on this planet is fascinating, and all the animals possess their own specific beauty that adds diversity and color to the world. I took great pleasure in working with Laura Vello and taking care of horses as well as working at Westbury Vet. At the same time, having had some work experience at the zoo, I have discovered a strong aptitude for working with wild animals

How electronic medication administration has prevent medication error Essay

How electronic medication administration has prevent medication error - Essay Example Research reveals that eMAR (electronic medication administration record) minimizes medication administration faults, as well as other adverse occasions that are drug-related. With the help of eMAR bar code technology, physicians are capable of issuing correct medication at the right time to the appropriate patients (Chan, 2010). When nurses adopt this technology, patients’ medication orders appear on their chart electronically after being endorsed by a pharmacist. Nurses are also alerted by this technology in case the medication of a particular patient is overdue. Here, the nurse is supposed to scan the patients’ barcode on their wristband before proceeding to those who are on medication. If the two fail to match the appropriate medication order, one is issued with a warning indicating that the treatment is not right (Richardson, Thomas, & McDowell, 2013). Moreover, CPOE (computerized provider order entry) is an electronic prescribing practice that minimizes errors that are related to wrong transcription or poor handwriting. CPOE systems support drug prescription, alert on unsafe interactions, and allow physicians to make right medication decisions, which minimizes errors further (Ward, Froehle, Hart, Collins, & Lindsell, 2014). Therefore, it is true that electronic medication administration plays a vital role in inhibiting medical faults. Chan, S. (2010). Factors Associated With the Use of Electronic Information Systems for Drug Dispensing and Medication Administration Records in Nursing Homes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 9(6), 414-421. Richardson, S. J., Thomas, S. K., & McDowell, S. K. (2013). Medication self-administration in hospitalised patients: An evaluation using data from an electronic prescribing and medication administration system. Clinical Therapeutics, 36(8), e32-e37. Ward, M. J., Froehle, C. M., Hart, K. W., Collins, S. P., & Lindsell, C. J. (2014). Transient and Sustained Changes in

Law and Politics Essay Example for Free

Law and Politics Essay Murphy and selected internet and electronic readings Some journal articles will need to be accessed through the UVU Library Journal database. If the below links to internet sources do not work, you should first search Google for alternative links. If you are still unsuccessful, then contact Dr. Griffin. ? This schedule is only â€Å"tentative† and subject to change by verbal or written notification – stay tuned! _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Jan 8, 10 Introduction Introduction to course review of syllabus The Nature and Prominent Theories of Law (M) 3-12 William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England in Four Books, 2 vols. , pp. 39-62 Introduction, Section II, â€Å"Of The Nature of Laws in General,† pp. 39-47 (scroll down). http://oll. libertyfund. org/? option=com_staticxtstaticfile=show. php%3Ftitle=2140chapter=198645layout=htmlItemid=27 ? ? ? Charles Grove Haines, A Survey of the Development of Natural law Doctrines, 1930 Chapter 1 Ancient and Medieval Natural Law Theories, http://www. constitution. org/haines/haines_001. htm King, Martin Luther Jr. Letter from the Birmingham Jail. In Why We Cant Wait, ed. Martin Luther King, Jr. , 1963. http://www. stanford. edu/group/King/liberation_curriculum/pdfs/letterfrombirmingham_wwcw. pdf Herbert Spiegelberg, Justice Presupposes Natural Law, pp. 343-348 http://www. jstor. org/sici? sici=0014-1704(193904)49%3A3%3C343%3AJPNL%3E2. 0. CO%3B2-6 Jan 15 Origins and Roles of Courts and Judges (M) 13-20, 22-46 Martin Shapiro, â€Å"The Logic of The Triad. † (UVU Canvas) John Underwood Lewis, Sir Edward Coke (1552-1564): His Theory of â€Å"Artificial Reason† as a Context for Modern Basic Legal Theory. (UVU Canvas) James Wilson, The Works of James Wilson, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , Vol. 2, Chapter IV, â€Å"Of the Nature of Courts,† pp. 287-299. http://books. google. com/books? id=lIs0AAAAMAAJ;pg=PA1;dq=James+Wilson,+The+Works+of+James+Wilson,+volume+2;hl =en;ei=9bx1TIyKA4W6sQOEqL2hDQ;sa=X;oi=book_result;ct=result;resnum=2;ved=0CDAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage;q;f=fa lse

The Stuxnet Virus Essay Example for Free

The Stuxnet Virus Essay Historic data shows that Iran accounted for almost sixty percent of the early infections. According to Siemens, 15 of its customers were identified as having detected the worm on their systems as of Sept. 14. Stuxnet used stolen digital certificates from Realtek Semiconductor and JMicron Technology to legitimately slip through and hide. The certificates also helped keep Stuxnet under the radar. 1. 1 Why are all the fingers pointing to the United States and Israel? Most cyber security experts who have researched this complex attack call it a joint U. S. Israeli operation, which may have also included Germany and Great Britain. It is also a well known fact which, incidentally, has not been denied by either the US. or Israel, that Israeli intelligence tested aspects of the worm using centrifuges identical to Irans at Israel’s Dimona complex. Even Siemens the German company cooperated with Idaho National Laboratories in the US to identify the vulnerabilities of computer controllers that the company sells to operate industrial machinery around the world. Not too long afterwards, those very vulnerabilities were exploited by Stuxnet. . Why a Cyber Attack? Cyber warfare requires intellect not military might and a country does not have to be a military superpower to wage a cyber attack. Cyber attack tracks are much easier to cover and are easily attributable to another entity. While cyber attacks are only recently been declared by our military and political leadership as acts of war, compared to an actual physical military attack on another country life can go on as usual for most of the citizens on both sides of the conflict without the slightest idea that their country is at war. It does not cost billions of dollars to run or manage and is hardly a long-term commitment of hundreds of thousands of troops and the logistics to support them and their equipment at the front lines. In case of Iran, a cyber attack was the most viable option available to global powers because the Iranian regime did not hesitate to make threats against the United States and Israel should it have been attacked militarily to make it stop trying to produce nuclear weapons. 2. 1 What exactly is Stuxnet designed to do? Graphic: Courtesy of The New York Times, January 15, 2011 Stuxnet is the first malware of its type designed to cross over the cyber – industrial divide and attacking critical infrastructure like power stations and electricity grids. On 26 September 2010, Irans state news agency reported that computers at its Bushehr nuclear power plant had been infected. The New York Times article, Israeli Test on Worm called Crucial in Iran Nuclear Delay, describes the complex function of Stuxnet in very simple terms: â€Å"One part of the program is designed to lie dormant for long periods, and then speed up the machines so that the spinning rotors in the centrifuges wobble and then destroy themselves. Another part, called a â€Å"man in the middle† in the computer world, sends out those false sensor signals to make the system believe everything is running smoothly. That prevents a safety system from kicking in, which would shut down the plant before it could self-destruct. † The same article further quotes Ralph Langer, widely credited for having solved Stuxnet, as saying: â€Å"Code analysis makes it clear hat Stuxnet is not about sending a message or proving a concept,† and later saying â€Å"It is about destroying its targets with utmost determination in military style. † Stuxnet was designed to seek out its target, cripple it beyond repair without causing any collateral damage; stay lurking in the shadows to continue to strike, all without leaving any conclusive evidence of who sent it on its mission in the first place. Needless to say, it succeeded in its mission. 2. 2 How effective was Stuxnet and why? To sit remotely, thousands of miles away and receive an email update from your smart malware that it has disabled your enemy’s commercial power grid says something about the power and effectiveness of this new weapon of cyber warfare. By most accounts and estimates damage from the Stuxnet virus has apparently set back the Iranian nuclear program by at least two years. This makes the virus as effective as a military strike, perhaps even more; all this without loss of life, collateral damage, or risk of a full-blown war. 3. History and future of nation state cyber warfare According to the Council on Foreign Relations, although few countries beyond the well-known players like China, Russia, and Israel and a handful of others have historically possessed the capability to launch a full scale cyber attack along the lines of the Stuxnet attack, over one hundred countries have begun to organize cyber warfare units. (Masters, 2011, sec. 2) Across the world, countries are either engaged in cyber battles with their arch enemies or gearing up to bolster their defenses against cyber warfare.

Importance of Vaccination to the Survival of Humanity

Importance of Vaccination to the Survival of Humanity Bokota, Rachael People in developed countries are able to live without the fear of a plague breakout. They are able to attend festivals, ride the subway, and share food without worrying that they could bring home a deadly pathogen to infect their loved ones. This is possible through the advent of vaccines. Surviving the year was not always so simple. There were times when there would be mass outbreaks of disease regularly. Cities would be breeding grounds for deadly pathogens, and the population would live in fear of having contact with neighbors, as they might be given the deadly blight. Vaccines have changed all of this. Not only do people these days feel protected from diseases, some even feel that in a way, man has conquered nature, allowing for more people to have longer lifespans and a greater quality of life. Vaccines have saved us by allowing pathogens to be bent to our will and serve our immune system, protecting more than just the individual, and making our schools safe by requiring vaccin ations. Vaccinations have changed our lives by using pathogens to aide our immune system rather than harm it. To understand how helpful vaccines are, it is important first to understand how vaccines work. Vaccines function one of four ways: by utilizing live, attenuated microbes, killed microbes, toxoids, or recombinant DNA from microbes (Krasner and Shore 2014). When live, attenuated microbes are used, the microbial strain has been tested multiple times in mice until a non-lethal strain is found and injected into a person. This person will then be able to easily fight off the disease and will have immunity through the antibodies made against the microbes for life. The use of killed microbe vaccines are slightly safer than live, attenuated vaccines, as the virus is dead but still causes antibodies to be produced. The downside to killed-microbe vaccines however, is that they often require a few boosters to be really effective and keep a lasting memory in the hosts immune system (publichealth. org). Toxoid Vaccines are taken from the microbe and then detoxified and injected into a person. This will cause the person to create antibodies against the toxin, effectively making them immune. Furthermore, antitoxins can be produced by injecting a small amount of toxin into a large animal such as a horse, which will produce antibodies against the toxin and then be injected into a person if the need arises (Krasner and Shore 2014). This is used to combat venomous animal bites or stings. Finally, recombinant DNA from a microbe can be taken and added to a nonvirulent virus and then injected into a person, who will then produce antibodies against the code of the microbe. Through these four ways, vaccines actively use microbes to create antibodies in the individual who is given the vaccine, giving them protection against that very microbe. Vaccines protect more than the individual through herd or community immunity. Herd immunity is the idea that when a critical immunization threshold of people vaccinated is met, the spread of diseases will be so reduced that the disease is no longer a threat, and even people who are at risk or who have not received the vaccine will acquire protection (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)). An excellent example of herd immunity at its finest is the way in which developed countries deal with the different strains of the flu each year. Every year, scientists come up with a vaccine which is a combination of the strains which are prevalent that year. Many people will receive these vaccines, and a herd immunity is built up so that less and less people get the flu every year. Furthermore, less and less people die from the flu nowadays that they did in the past, partly due to advances in medicine, but also due to the lack of spread of the disease. Measles has been eradicated in North America due to vaccinations and herd immunity. According to the California Department of Public Health, an outbreak of Measles was confirmed in December of 2014 when 40 people who had been at Disneyland contracted the disease. Whereas in other areas of the world this outbreak would have become a national epidemic, the disease only spread to six other states and the outbreak was found to have ended in April of 2015. The short duration of the outbreak and its relative containment were all due to the strong herd immunity that citizens of the U.S. had built up over decades of Measles vaccinations. For these reasons, vaccines are able to protect not only an individual who has been given the vaccine, but also other members of the community who have not been vaccinated. Vaccines have become important to community health through the controversial requirement by schools for students to be vaccinated. An ongoing debate in the education field has been whether or not schools should require their students to have been vaccinated for various diseases. Proponents of school immunization point out that the more students are vaccinated, the greater the herd immunity that is generated, and thus the safer the students and the community are. Opponents argue that there is always the possibility that a child could have an adverse reaction to the vaccine or perhaps develop Autism as a result. The claim that vaccines cause Autism has been widely refuted through numerous studies conducted around the world, which has led most experts to believe that not immunizing a child based on this risk is a fallacy. As Plotkin, Gerber, and Offit write, However, both epidemiological and biological studies fail to support these claims, (Plotkin, Gerber, and Offit 2009). Since 2009, more studies have been done on the issue, all showing that there is a negligible link between Autism and vaccines. As for other adverse effects which vaccines may cause, one is much more likely to get the disease when unvaccinated than to have an adverse reaction to a vaccine, and the consequences of contracting the disease will be much more severe. For these reasons, school immunization should be required as it makes the students and community much safer. We in the United States are fortunate to live in a vaccinated world. We dont have to live under the shadow of disease as our ancestors did, and as some people in the world still do. Through the use of vaccines we have generated enough herd immunity in schools and communities that our children can grow up safe from the illnesses that used to plague our country and world. Therefore, vaccines have saved us by allowing pathogens to be bent to our will and serve our immune system, protecting more than just the individual, and making our schools safe by requiring vaccinations. Work Cited Community Immunity (Herd Immunity) | Vaccines.gov (2017, January 18). In Vaccines.gov. Retrieved February 19, 2017. How Vaccines Work (2014, June 4). In PublicHealth.org. Retrieved February 19, 2017. Krasner, R. I., Shors, T. (2014). The Microbial Challenge (3rd ed.). Burlington, MA: Jones Bartlett Learning. Measles (n.d.). In California Department of Public Health. Retrieved February 19, 2017. Plotkin, S., Gerber, J. S., Offit, P. A. (2009, February 15). Vaccines and Autism: A Tale of Shifting Hypotheses. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 48(4).

Violence Against Women In Music Essay -- Feminism Feminist Women Criti

Violence Against Women In Music    Particularly distressing in today's society is the level of dysfunctional relationships. Values considered outdated and baseless, such as mutual respect, consideration for another person's feelings, and common courtesy, are becoming extinct human customs. Especially troubling are the violent misogynous messages infused in hard-core rock and rap music and their negative effects on today's youth.    Healthy relationships of mutual love, respect, and compromise between men and women of all races and social classes are instrumental to a sane and stable society. Respect and reverence for mother, sister, wife, and daughter as the nurtures of civilization are key to our survival as a species. Many youth today approach their relationships with the opposite sex, mimicking the attitudes of the rock or rap entertainer.    As a musician, I can appreciate all forms of music as legitimate vehicles of artistic expression, not simply attaching aesthetic value to what I prefer. True art forms should express the ugly as well as the beautiful in human expression. However, if the art form explicitly expresses a message of debasement, hatred, or violence without just cause, then I question the validity of the message. A counter argument might claim that violent messages expressed through music are just a reflection of conditions that already exist. Violence directed towards women is an option that misdirects the causes from where true powerlessness derive... ...ent and sales of its product. Can the same standards of scrutiny be applied to any industry that promotes poor mental health? For the sake of entertainment, we have allowed ourselves to cross the line and permit the debasement of women and the promulgation of violence against them to become the norm. Parents, community leaders, educators, and entertainers must work together to demand maintaining the dignity of all persons addressed lyrically through music. The quality of intent should be carefully scrutinized in music especially targeted towards adolescents. If the intent is to debase, devalue, depreciate or diminish another human being or to create an atmosphere of senseless violence, we have a moral obligation not to support its marketing.   

Griselda, Beatrice, and Kate Essay -- Comparative, The Model of Femin

In comparison with Griselda, the model of femininity and eponymous for patience and obedience, neither Beatrice, from Much Ado About Nothing, nor Kate, from The Taming of the Shrew, display idealized classical femininity. Instead, Beatrice and Kate perform Shakespeare’s representation of the unruly woman in such a way that directly goes against everything that a woman should be. This causes Beatrice and Kate’s respective suitors Benedick and Petruchio to display their masculinity in a manner that counteracts their respective unruly woman’s behavior. The ending of both plays contains some ambiguity in the futures of these unruly women; both have had some merger between their initial unruly behavior and their newfound stereotypical gender roles. While this merger brings the women closer to normal society, they retain a core trait of rebellion which keeps them from completely merging into their societies. In order to understand exactly how Beatrice and Kate fail to display model behavior throughout their plays, it is imperative to discuss the model behavior for women during the late medieval and renaissance periods. An excellent source of 16th century ideals comes from Giovanni Boccaccio’s 14th century collection of short tales, The Decameron. Specifically Boccaccio’s â€Å"The Story of Griselda,† tells the tale of a young, wealthy lord who selects Griselda, a low class woman, to be his wife. After four or five years of being married, the young lord, Gualtieri, decides that â€Å"he would needs make proof of his fair wife’s patience. (Griselda 3)† Gualtieri tests Griselda’s patience and obedience by sentencing their two children to death, â€Å"provoke[ing] her by injurious speeches, showing fierce and frowning looks to her, (Griselda 3)† and many... ...o their unconventional wooing. Emphasizing their rebellious natures through wit and humor, both Beatrice and Kate behaved in ways that rejected any potential suitors. Beatrice and Kate used their words to attack and belittle men, something that absolutely not allowed in a traditional Shakespearean woman. Beatrice’s wit was only allowed in the context that it was almost always humorous, allowing others to justify her language. Kate’s role as a shrew is rejected outright, as she neither uses humor nor can escape the fact that her fate is ultimately decided by her father. It is not until they meet mates that with as much fire and wit as they that either woman allows themselves to be married—conforming to society’s expectations. Both end up in relationships where they have more power than an average married woman would have, and neither ends up completely dominated.

Representation of Manners :: essays research papers

Representation of Manners   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel of manners is a novel that focuses on the customs, values, and mindset of a particular class or group of people who are situated in a specific historical context (Bowers and Brothers 5). The context tends to be one in which behavior has been codified and language itself has become formulated, resulting in a suppressing or regulating of individual expression. Often, this type of novel details a conflict between the individual’s desires and the ethical, moral, economic, or interpersonal mandates of society (Bowers and Brothers 5). The House of Mirth by Edith Wharton is a novel of manners concerned with the subtle nuances of behavior and standards of correctness portrayed by the upper-class of New York in the late 1890s. In the novel, Wharton uses the genre to depict Lily Bart’s struggle to maintain individualism while conforming to society’s expectations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The novel of manners developed in the 19th century as authors explored the place of women in society and the social effect of marriage (Bowers and Brothers 4). These authors wanted to show in particular the problems that come with marriage as well as with the problems of conforming to society. The world of the novel of manners was perceived as a woman’s world, viewed from a woman’s perspective (Bowers and Brothers 4).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The genre developed four specific conventions in the 19th century. Out of the four, three of the conventions are represented in The House of Mirth. One of the conventions was that the protagonist of the novel was usually a single woman looking to get married. The second convention dealt with the woman’s understanding of the socio-economic class within the novel. This was an important factor because it determined whom the woman would marry. The third convention found in The House of Mirth was the novel ending with the marriage or death of the protagonist, the case of Lily Bart, death. The House Mirth portrays all these conventions in the novel but instead of Lily conforming to society, Lily attempts to develop her own self-identity and independence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Lily Bart, the protagonist of The House of Mirth, was an unmarried 29 year old woman who desired to be a social success â€Å"[or] to get as much as one [could] out of life†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Wharton 81). Her mission was to marry a relatively wealthy man, thereby ensuring her financial stability and a place in the higher levels of New York society.

Environmental Concerns and Public Policy Essay

Your 8 to 10 page final paper is to be a comprehensive research study on one of the following Public Policy topics: Social Security Health Care Welfare Primary and Secondary Public Education Environmental Concerns You will identify relevant material consistent with the focus of the topic using scholarly journals and professional websites with authored material (not popular Internet sites). Your analysis of the selected topic must include the following: The scope and nature of the public policy problem The evolution of public policy Evaluation of policy, the actors involved The intergovernmental structure and political concerns The approaches to policy setting The suggested policy direction that is supported by research In addition to the textbook, you must use a minimum of six resources from the Ashford Online Library Database, academic websites or professional journals and organizations in the field of Sociology. You are encouraged to analyze your findings and avoid over-use of direct quotations. Writing the Final Paper The Research Paper: Must be eight double-spaced pages in length and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide. Must include a cover page that includes: Student’s name Course name and number Title of paper Instructor’s name Date submitted Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. Must conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a conclusion paragraph. Must use APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide to document all sources. Must incl†¦ To get this material copy and paste link to browser – https://bitly.com/1rubRAC Going to college is an experience that will help you shape your personality and build a better future for yourself. It is important that you think about your decision carefully, compare different schools and programs and find a way to finance your education. Read this article to learn more about college. Sociology – General Sociology Final Paper Your 8 to 10 page final paper is to be a comprehensive research study on one of the following Public Policy topics: Social Security Health Care Welfare Primary and Secondary Public Education Environmental Concerns You will identify relevant material consistent with the focus of the topic using scholarly journals and professional websites with authored material (not popular Internet sites). Your analysis of the selected topic must include the following: The scope and nature of the public policy problem The evolution of public policy Evaluation of policy, the actors involved The intergovernmental structure and political concerns The approaches to policy setting The suggested policy direction that is supported by research In addition to the textbook, you must use a minimum of six resources from the Ashford Online Library Database, academic websites or professional journals and organizations in the field of Sociology. You are encouraged to analyze your findings and avoid over-use of direct quotations. Writing the Final Paper The Research Paper: Must be eight double-spaced pages in length and formatted according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide. Must include a cover page that includes: Student’s name Course name and number Title of paper Instructor’s name Date submitted Must include an introductory paragraph with a succinct thesis statement. Must address the topic of the paper with critical thought. Must conclude with a restatement of the thesis and a conclusion paragraph. Must use APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide to document all sources. Must include six sources in addition to your text. Must include, on the final page, a Reference Page that is completed according to APA style as outlined in the approved APA style guide. Carefully review the Grading Rubric for th†¦

Renaissance Humanism Essay

The Northern European and Italian renaissance period was a time of rebirth of Greek and roman studies, arts, and culture. The people of this time period were call humanists or people who studied Greek and Roman classics and works. The humanism movement not only influenced culture, but it also influenced how the individual was perceived. Humanists encouraged finding oneself whether it is through art, sports, learning and teaching, sciences or mathematics, and they believed one individual could achieve anything they put their minds to. (DOC. 3) The humanists of the Renaissance greatly valued religion even thought they were more focused on the study of human nature and values (DOC. 9). Humanists took it upon themselves to be devoted members of the church and make religion a crucial aspect of their everyday lives. By becoming a more religious individual, they benefited themselves and it was encouraged of humanists to use their connection to the Church to strengthen their relationships with others. One of the most important aspects of the Renaissance that the humanism movement influenced was art. People all over the world began to express themselves and their talents through art and the humanists’ beliefs greatly emphasized Greek and Roman art technique as well. For example, Michelangelo’s sculpture of David emulated the Greek and Roman’s grasp for the physical beauty of the human body and humans’ perfect strength and symmetry (DOC. 1). Leonardo da Vinci’s drawing of the muscles in human arms also emphasized and shed more light on the function, look and anatomy of the human arms, thus making it easier to study and visualize the human body (DOC. 7). Additionally, the population of humanism during the Renaissance influenced the way art became more lifelike. In paintings such as Marriage of the Virgin by Raphael (DOC. 4), the artist utilized aspects such as realism and perspective to give more depth to the painting. There is also a sense of the Roman and Greek admiration of the beauty of the human body in this painting, which was painted with new materials and on new mediums, that were invented during he Renaissance. Humanism greatly influenced scientific and secular studies of the Renaissance as well. One example is the improvement of the telescope in Europe (the telescope was originally invented by the Muslims), which greatly increased the flourishing of science during the Renaissance (DOC. 5). With the help of the telescope, it became easier to study astronomy and view the planets and the rest of outer space. Additionally, the printing press invented by Johann Guttenberg greatly contributed to the increase of learning during the humanist movement because more books were produced and became available (DOC. 10) In conclusion, humanism during the Renaissance transformed the lifestyle of people in Europe and influenced interrelated characteristics of culture such as science, art, and principles of the time period. Because he humanists became enthralled with the world around them and were detersmined to express themselves, the course of history for the Modern Ages was definitely changed for the better.

Mind game Essay

Interrogation is a mind game. I will set up a friendly environment where the suspect feels comfortable to gain his trust and becomes receptive to my questions. I will play with his thoughts and emotions that perhaps what he did was unintentional or a result of unavoidable circumstance. I will not directly put the blame on the suspect but will make him fully understand the moral seriousness of the crime. Furthermore, I will tell him that there is overwhelming physical evidence that would implicate him to the crime and that there are witnesses and fingerprints found in the crime scene, even if I have to make a bluff. Then I will offer him different theories to what happened, one more justifiable than the other. Whichever he chose, guilt is already admitted. Preparation is essential for a successful interrogation. First, the surrounding should be conducive without distractions and guarantees privacy. This will also give me the opportunity to analyze the body language of the suspect. I will study the case facts which will be the basis for my questionings. My knowledge about the crime can somehow persuade the suspect to tell the truth. In addition, I will also study the personal background information of both the victim and suspect, more so about the suspect’s feelings, attitudes, and values. Finally, I will resolve the details of the documentation like forms, audiotape, and videos so that the interrogation process is not disrupted. The Miranda warning has adversely affected the procedures of police work. In its report Handcuffing the Cops: Miranda’s Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement, the National Center for Policy Analysis disclosed that the warning caused a significant drop in confessions. With few confessions, police have difficulty in solving crimes. Therefore, the Supreme Court should suspend Miranda for crime prevention to be effective and detect early terrorism threats. References Cassell, P. G. (1998). Handcuffing the Cops: Miranda’s Harmful Effects on Law Enforcement. National Center for Policy Analysis. NCPA Policy Report No. 218, August 1998. ISBN #1-56808-040-9 Fleisher, W L. & Gordon, N. J. (2001). Effective Interviewing and Interrogation Techniques. Academic Press, New York. 1st edition. ISBN-10: 0122603818 Inbau, F. E. , Reid, J. E. , Buckley, J. P. & Jayne, B. C. (2004). Essentials of the Reid Technique: Criminal Interrogation and Confessions. Jones and Bartlett Publishers, Inc. , MA. ISBN-10: 0763727288

Essay on Film, “A Bronx Tale”

Amy Lau Expository Essay – â€Å"A Bronx Tale† Topic: â€Å"The choices that you make will shape your life forever† The film, set in New York City, in the 1960s, A Bronx Tale, Lorenzo (played by Robert De Niro) has a son, Calogero, whom we see throughout the film as one who made numerous decisions throughout his life, which shaped his future. One of those things was what Calogero did in the early stages of the film. At nine years old, he sat on the steps as he witnessed Sonny, a gangster, out of defense for a friend, shoot and kill someone seemingly competing with someone else over a parking spot. When Calogero was requested by NYPD detectives to identify the murderer by facial recognition, he kept quiet about the truth. As a result, Sonny welcomed him into his inner group of followers and compelled everyone he knew to please Calogero. Sonny’s men also offered Lorenzo a job to make a lot more money than he already does, but Lorenzo, preferring a law-abiding life, declined the offer. Lorenzo hated Sonny’s influence on his son (â€Å"You don’t understand: It’s not what you say, it’s what he sees, the clothes, the cars, the money, it’s everything. He tried to throw away his baseball cards because he said Mickey Mantle will never pay the rent†). When Lorenzo found out about the money that Calogero has gained from working for Sonny, he took his son’s money and returned them to Sonny at the bar and warns him to keep away from his son, which Sonny responded to Lorenzo, â€Å"I treat him like he’s my son† The turns of events that were caused by Calogero refusing to rat on Sonny in the beginning seemed to have a lasting effect. Eight years later, Calogero became close friends with Sonny and continued to regularly visit him without his father’s knowledge. He also remained part of a gang of local Italian boys he grew up with, which Sonny advised against. He then meets Jane Williams, an African American girl and the two arranged a date despite severe tension between the Blacks and the Italians, especially amongst his friends. The friends he chose also shaped his future. One night in provoked retaliation, Calogero’s friends made a plan to strike at an earlier attack back at the African Americans using molotov cocktails. They compelled Calogero to come with them in a journey to the area of the African Americans, but along the way, Sonny intervenes and orders Calogero out of the car. Calogero catches up with Jane and the two shared an intimate moment. The conversation then leads Calogero to remember of a planned attack in the town where the Blacks live, and he realises that Jane’s brother is in danger. He and Jane rush to stop them, and to her brother’s aid. Then we see Calogero’s friends attack a shop, owned by an African American, and set the shop on fire. Then the shopkeeper, taking the unexploded homemade bomb, which was thrown at him, threw it back at the boys’ car, igniting the rest of the explosives in it. Calogero and Jane arrive at the ruins of the exploded car to discover that all his friends have died as a result of their attack. In mixed feelings of grief and relief, Calogero rushes back to Sonny to thank him for saving his life. Calogero knowing Sonny certainly has its goodness. Page 1/2 Then in a crowded bar upon arrival, he sees Sonny, and also someone coming up behind Sonny with a gun. A shot is fired a Sonny falls to the floor. The unnamed assassin is the son of the man killed by Sonny eight years ago. It seemed Sonny also made a decision eight years ago which shaped his life, which in turn ended in a tragedy. When Lorenzo arrives at the end of the memorial service held for Sonny, to pay his respects to him, he says that he had never hated Sonny, but merely resented him for making Calogero grow up so quickly. In conclusion, the viewers could interpret that the fact that Calogero did not tell the NYPD detectives that Sonny was the murderer definitely has its benefits, like the fact that it has protected him from a possible retaliation that would have resulted from Sonny’s men had he chose to reveal Sonny to detectives as the murderer. And because of this, he won over friends in Sonny and his inner circle of followers, and has remained close throughout. Also, Calogero seemed positively influenced by Sonny as a result of their friendship. He says in the end: â€Å"I learned to give love and get love unconditionally. You just have to accept people for what they are. And I learned the greatest gift of all: the saddest thing in life is wasted talent. The choices that you make will shape your life forever. You can ask anybody from my neighborhood, and they'll just tell you, this is just another Bronx tale†. Page 2/2

Female and Gender Leadership Essay

1. Abstract The theme/topic of thesis is: Female and Gender Leadership. The main issue or mater of thesis work is to make research of male and female leadership and management style. Investigate in order to be clear about male and female leadership starting from definition of it, and continue with data collection in order to prove it. It is obvious that leadership is a male dominated one, and female have some advantages and disadvantages, also prejudice and differ style of leadership. It is very interesting to know and analyze leadership and management, which can bring some ideas and data transformation of some information to the thesis. One of the major things is to collect, analyze answers and identify leadership of male and female. Mostly, I am taking into account leadership style and management of both genders. Therefore, female and male in leadership is one of the actual and continues study, which take interest of many people. To make research about men and women in leadership, how they use styles of leaders, what they do in order to be effective and how they work with their followers of different gender. What the main features of leaders they hold, how they make improvements and what they do for professional increase. Today, both women and men are trying to be equivalent in many ways of daily life; however, in work they are keeping style of leadership according to the job occupation. Anyway, what the main distinguishes between female and male, what kind of attempt they are making? How they cope with different tasks in various spheres, remaining to the own basic of behavior, skills and attitude. 3 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 2. Introduction My master thesis Female and Gender Leadership I am starting from introduction to the writing work, than writing about theoretical framework and research methodology, after that continue with research and investigation, which includes research question and answers on it through theory about leaders, leadership and management, leadership style of male and female, than about research study and finding. It is the main of research writing in the thesis. Who are leaders, what it is leadership and management, and style of female and male in leadership. It is known that females want to reach top management and have some barriers and traits toward it. At the same time, there is common knowledge that men have leaders’ positions in politics and education sphere. However, my research is mostly about what the main differences in a leadership and management of female and male. Though, as female one, it is very interesting for me to make research about gender leadership, it means about men and women, what the differences or  similarities, how they as leaders deal with leadership, how they develop themselves in order to have followers whom lead willingly. How men and women are getting characteristics to be competent, progressive, well-informed, purposeful and professional in a dynamic environment or simply saying in a daily changed world. What male and female do and what kind of features they are obtaining being qualified as leaders. 4 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 3. Theoretical framework The theoretical framework is a collection of interrelated concepts, like a theory. Theoretical framework guides research, determining what things will be measured and statistical relationships of it. Theoretical frameworks are obviously critical, theory-testing sorts of studies. In those kinds of studies, the theoretical framework must be very specific and well-thought out. Theoretical frameworks are also important in research studies, where I as researcher really don’t know much about what is going on, and trying to learn more. There are some reasons why theoretical frameworks are important. First of all, no matter how little person think what she/he know about topic, and how she/he neutral or independent in the way of thinking, it is impossible for a human being not to have preconceived notions. For example, some people fundamentally believe that people are basically untrustworthy, and you have keep your wits about you to avoid being conned. These fundamental beliefs about human nature affect how person on things when doing personal research. In this sense, researcher is always being guided by a theoretical framework, but she/he don not know it. The framework tends to guide what investigator notice in research, and what she/he don not mention. Therefore, saying by other words, you don’t even notice things that don’t  fit your framework. We can never completely get around this matter, but we can reduce this issue considerably by simply making our implicit framework explicit. Once it is explicit, we can deliberately consider other frameworks, and try to see the research question, answers, findings, situation through different lenses. In my thesis I am using theory about leaders, management, leadership styles of males and females. 5 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 4. Methods for data collection 4.1. Research methodology and methods The process of collecting data that can present relevant aspects of methods, which is used in this thesis is articles, journals, books, and internet. During reading and analyzing some information from above mentioned sources the related data can be picked up and gathered in order to show the appropriate research data. Methodology is a very important while conducting any type of research; it helps to follow how the study/investigation can be accomplished. Qualitative method is one of the best approaches to use for study and research question. This type of research helps me as investigator to understand and explain the meaning of leadership for men and women. The qualitative research has the possibility to form a whole from different parts. I am using qualitative method in order to make research by choosing, gathering relevant information, using an articles/journals, books, and information from web.sites. Qualitative method is appropriate to make analyzes of research data, give answers on research question and will bring out to the openings or findings. To open something new is equal to make findings and understand the meaning of research. Taking into consideration this, I would state that research is significant because of real and actual importance of leadership. The theme of female and gender leadership is continues. Many interesting things and findings could be done since men and  women interested in developing leaders and followers of both gender. 6 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 5. Research question and Investigation As for research question of my thesis, it is the following: What are the differences of male and female leadership and management style? It is generally known that leadership is a male dominated one, however women are trying to enter leadership places and adopting men’s style. Both, male and female are having different style of leadership. Therefore, what are the main reasons that male are holding leader positions and female are having some barriers to the leadership and management positions. Though, my research is based on theory about leaders, leadership and management, male and female leadership style. That’s why I am using qualitative method in my research, and I am making investigation of research issue by using relevant information from articles, journals, books, and information from internet, web sites. To analyze a research data, found out answers and open new findings for my self as researcher is the core of the thesis. It is common knowledge, that female want to reach top management and they have some barriers and traits toward high positions and promotions to the top. Also, it is obvious that men have leaders’ positions in many spheres. However, my research is mostly about differences in a leadership and management of females and males. 7 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 5.1. Natural born leaders ‘If your actions inspire others to dream more, learn more, do more and become more, you are a leader’. John Quincy Adams, http://www. wisdomquotes.com/cat_ leadership.html In my thesis I am wiring about leaders, about leadership and management, how I understand it and I continue by male’s and female’s leadership and management style, than mostly focusing on differences between male and female in leadership. I found out that book of Blank Warren about leadership and natural born leaders approach is very interesting and actual. It opens point of view that people not only born as leaders, but also can obtain tools and to be skillful leaders. Therefore, people with gained skills of leaders are needy and this necessity is important always. That continual, progressive and sudden change in today’s competitive environment requires better leadership. Author, Blank Warren, (2001) gives the next definition of natural born leaders: ‘The dictionary defines the word natural as found in nature; without man-made changes; real, not artificial or manufactured; innate, not acquired.’ I agree with this definition and point of view, that people are natural born leaders. It means that leaders may get leadership skills and knowledge during their study in school, college, university, trainings, work, seminars, and so forth. Though, society grew up leaders by influencing via education, view of world, various trainings and workshops, seminars. In addition, author stated that people not naturally born to lead. It proves his statement that people are natural born leaders, but they are getting skills and knowledge about leadership. With time people obtain skills to lead others. Therefore, leader is a person who gains followers at will. Leader provides followers by direction and support, also influencing them by using own skills. Because of that, author proposes that some people are natural born leaders, they demonstrate 8 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova specific skills in spontaneous, consistent manner and others follow willingly. Leading is a process of interaction between the leader and follower. If no followers and no one follow, there is no a leader and leadership. The right definition, which Blank Warren, (2001) conclude, is that ‘The natural born leader label is an attribution made to those who master the skill set related to gaining willing followers. No one is born with these skills.’ So, it means that leaders master their skills and only exceptional one can be described as natural born leader. Indisputably, some people are born with features of leaders, which help them to master skills of leadership more effectively. Such people have an inherent ability and perform and express themselves naturally in their area or sphere. However, that kind of individuals needs to have opportunity, support, encouragement, and training from people surrounded them. Therefore, everyone has a natural born capabilities and talents to lead, because it is normal for people to respond to nurture. It means that people have innate ability to learn and grow. It proves that all people can improve their native, creative, intellectual capability by learning and excising the skills of best leaders. The leader skill level grows, develops, prospers, and they can gain more followers in spontaneous, effortless, consistent, and frequent way. This style and way of natural born leaders attract more and more people as followers. If person can understand own capabilities and shape abilities by excising skills of learning, practice and feedback. In order to be effective leader, individual can improve himself and work with native and acquired skills. In this book, Blank Warren proposed one hundred and eight skills which portrait a natural born leader. The main of them are self-awareness, a capacity to build rapport, and an ability to clarify expectations. Individual as a leader provide direction to people who do not know what to do. ‘People need 9 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova direction when the organizational structure can not or does not provide it. No organization can create a perfect bureaucracy. Established organizational systems may not offer useful guidance in the face of dramatic change,’ Blank Warren, (2001). When a leader masters his/her skills and become an expert leader, so he/she can direct and lead willingly not only other person, but also large groups. Leaders who have a broad and global view can bring others out as leaders. Leaders have to maintain their obtained skills and improve new in order to be active during the difficult times. The following characteristics of person as apathy, arrogance, and self-deception destroy leadership potential. It was pointed out that more and better leaders are needed in organizations at all level. According to the self-awareness the leader have to use this skill that helps to be clear and manage his time, attention and actions. The fundamental of leadership growth is self-awareness that is internal one and each person can know and understand it fully by analyzing inner world. Leaders with self-awareness may listen and learn and to try new things. So, self-awareness is an important characteristic which give to leader possibility for proper use of time, focus of attention and performance of action. Self-awareness plays a big role for leaders and helps for continues process of getting skills and work under self-perfection. The leaders’ quality characterize by self-reliant, principled, genuine, courageous, resolute, moral, stable, and trustworthy features. In addition, passion is one of the main characteristic which motivates leaders to lead. These qualities put together the image of leaders. Leaders work under self-development, get feedback and connect up their left-brain dominance (logical, rational) and right-brain dominance (intuitive, creative). Master leaders maximize their brainpower with whole brain thinking. A capacity to build rapport’ is one of a big reason that some people gain as attribution of natural born leader, Blank 10 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Warren, (2001). Respect creates the interpersonal bond and sense of unity that is basic in a leader wants to gain willing followers. The best leaders build respect to reacquire the allegiance necessary for success, to create customer connections and partnership, and to fulfill the needs of the relation sphere. To get know people, display good manners, and to be pleasant are technical and emotional skills of rapport. Another one is an ability to clarify expectations, which is important thing for leaders. I would say that all people born as natural leaders; however they can show, apply and use their skills, attitude in accordance with activities, situation, and work. They improve skills and work under leader’s features. As for leaders as natural born, they could be male or female since leadership doesn’t have gender. Men and women also could obtain skills of leaders during their childhood, study in school and university, by getting experience and influencing by environment. The following factors influence on leadership skills such as characterization or behavior of men or women, education (school, university), job experience (work place or job occupation). Therefore, men and women can obtain leadership skills and use them according to the situation, environment and work place. However, men dominate in politics, education sphere. As for women, they remain to fill their niche as teachers, salespeople, managers, etc. If we consider leaders and managers, it is obvious that most of men are taking leaders role and position, and women are managers. ‘The very essence of leadership is that you have to have a vision’. Theodore Hesburgh, http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_leadership.html Let’s look what is categories and types of leadership? What are the differences of men’s and women’s leadership style and management? Leadership is a skill that an individual may keep and 11 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova posses. One can categorize the exercise of leadership as either actual or potential: Actual – giving guidance or direction, for instance: a teacher being a leader to a student. Potential – the capacity or ability to lead; as in the concept born to lead, it means that leader have potential to lead. Though, leadership can have a formal aspect, for instance as in most political or business leadership and an informal one as in most friendships. Speaking of leadership – it is the abstract term, rather than of leading – it is the action, usually implies that the entities doing the leading have some leadership skills. So, we know basic category of leadership is actual/potential; than formal/informal; and another categorization is that there are 3 types of leadership: 1) Authoritarian Leadership (Autocratic style), which provides clear expectations for what needs to be done; 2) Participative Leadership (Democratic style) – this style is generally the most effective. Democratic leaders offer guidance to the group, but also participative in the group and allow input from other members. 3) Delegative (Laissez-Fair style) – this type of leadership consider to be less productive among above mentioned. Most of men are holding autocratic style of leadership, but it depends from sphere and location. As for women, some of them are combining autocratic and democratic style, some are keeping democratic one. The relation of leadership and management is continuous process. I would say that when people are mentioning leadership they still note management. It is connected to the psychology of leadership: one of the differentiating factors between management and leadership is the ability or even necessity to inspire and inspiration. A leader may be deifined as one who can hold direction to an individual or group of individuals and will be using skills of psychology to  affect that group either consciously or subconsciously. 12 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Those who seem to be natural leaders and effectively inspire groups without consciously acknowledging the strategies or tactics used are considered charismatic leaders. On the other hand, the conscious leader applies a variety of psychological tactics that affect the reactions of a group to the environment they exist in. According to the organizational psychology disciplines, leadership is a product of awareness and command of the reactions and influences of a group on the individual, as well as the individual on the group. A leader’s successful application of directive organizational psychology by modifying specific consistent behaviors towards the group may raise changes in the organizational culture. The level of passion and efficiency that is developed in the culture will be defined by the emotional drive fulfilled by a directive leader’s ability to create a greater purpose with the group. What makes effective leadership? Leadership keeps up its effectiveness by natural sequence according to established rules. The simplest way to measure the effectiveness of leadership to involve evaluating process, later he/she can as leader master it. However, this approach may measure power rather than leadership. To measure leadership more specifically, one may assess the extent of influence on the followers, that is, the amount of leading. Effective leaders generate higher productivity and opportunities. Leaders create results, reach goals, and realize vision and objectives quickly and with high level of quality. The functional leadership model conceives leadership as a set of behaviors that helps a group perform a task, reach their goal, or perform their function. In this model, effective leaders encourage functional behaviors and discourage dysfunctional ones. Leader has the function of clearing the path toward the goals of the group, by meeting the needs of subordinates. The quality of the leadership process: An effective leader has to get a group of potentially diverse and talented  people, many of whom have strong personalities to work together toward a common output. 13 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova The following suggested qualities of leadership: technical and specific skills, charismatic inspiration it is attractiveness to others and the ability to leverage this regard to motivate others, clear sense of purpose, mission, clear goals, focus, commitment, results-orientation it is directing every action towards a mission via priority of activities to spend time where results most arise, cooperation, optimism. Ability to encourage and nurture those that report to them – delegate in such a way as people will grow, role models, self-knowledge, self-awareness an ability to lead. Leaders have to understand the environment, how they lead and how they affect and are affected by it. The leadership characteristics as innate labels some people as born leaders. Leadership development involves identifying and measuring leadership qualities, screening potential leaders, then training those with potential. Leadership skills mostly are a pattern of motives. The successful leaders will tend to have a high need for power, a low need for affiliation. Leadership behavior becomes a function not only of the characteristics of the leader, but of the characteristics of followers as well. These following determinants include: the nature of the task; organizational policies, climate, and culture; the preferences of the leader’s superiors; the expectations of peers; the reciprocal responses of followers. The nature of the problem, the requirements for accuracy, the acceptance of an initiative, time-constraints, cost constraints. The following cover leadership styles: articulate vision to followers, leaders display a passion, they engage in outstanding/extraordinary behavior, leaders show a high degree of faith, confidence, and persistence in them selves. Leaders need to have a very high degree of self-confidence and moral conviction. They see their followers as competent, credible, and trustworthy. Leaders communicate expectations of  high performance from their followers and strong confidence in their followers’ ability to meet such expectations and confidence in followers. Leaders motivate followers, leaders see as of special relevance to 14 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova the successful accomplishment of the vision and mission. To persuade followers to accept and implement change, outstanding leaders engage in frame alignment. This refers to the linkage of individual and leader interpretive orientations such that some set of followers’ interests, values, and beliefs, as well as the leader’s activities, goals, and ideology, becomes congruent and complementary. Leaders often, but not always, communicate their message in an inspirational manner using stories, slogans, and symbols. Even though these ten leadership behaviors and approaches do not really equate to specific styles, evidence has started to accumulate that a leader’s style can make a difference. Style becomes the key to the formulation and implementation of strategy and plays an important role in work-group members’ activity and in team citizenship. Little doubt exists that the way or style in which leaders influence work-group members can make a difference in their own and their people’s performance. For instance, how leaders and managers are differentiating? Leaders innovate, ask what and why, focus on people, do the right things, develop, inspire trust, have a longer-term perspective, have an eye on the horizon, originate, and show originality. As for managers, they administer, ask how and when question, focus on systems, do things right, maintain, rely on control. As for management styles, if we look to various styles of management, it depend on the culture of the business, the nature of the task, the nature of the work force and the personality and skills of the leaders too. The style of leadership is dependent upon the prevailing circumstances, therefore leaders should exercise a range of leadership  styles and should deploy them as appropriate. For example, an autocratic manager makes all the decisions, keeping the information and decision making among management personnel. The objectives and tasks are set and the workforce is expected to do exactly as required. The communication involved with this method is mainly downward, from the leader to the subordinate. The main advantage of this style is that the 15 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova direction of the business will remain constant, and the decisions will all be similar, this in turn can project an image of a confident, well managed business. On the other hand, subordinates may become highly dependent upon the leaders and supervision may be needed. Another form is also essentially dictatorial. However the decisions tend to be in the best interests of the employees rather than the business. The leader explains most decisions to the employees and ensures that their social and leisure needs are always met. This can help balance out the lack of worker motivation caused by an autocratic management style. This style can be highly advantageous, and can engender loyalty from the employees, leading to a lower labour turnover, thanks to the emphasis on social needs. It shares similar disadvantages to an authoritarian style; employees becoming highly dependent on the leader, and if the wrong decisions are made, then employees may become discontent with the leader. In a Democratic style, the manager allows the employees to take part in decision-making: therefore everything is agreed by the majority. The communication is extensive in both directions from subordinates to leaders and from leaders to subordinates. This style can be particularly useful when complex decisions need to be made that require a range of specialist skills. From the overall business’s point of view, job satisfaction and quality of  work will improve. However, the decision-making process is severely slowed down, and the need of a consensus may avoid taking the best decision for the business. It can go against a better choice of action. In a Laissez-faire leadership style, the leader’s role is peripheral and staff-manage their own areas of the business. Therefore, leader avoid uncoordinated delegation occurs. The communication in this style is horizontal, meaning that it is equal in both directions, however very little communication occurs in comparison with other styles. The style brings out the best in highly professional and creative 16 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova groups of employees, however in many cases it is not deliberate and is simply a result of poor management. This leads to a lack of staff focus and sense of direction, which in turn leads to much dissatisfaction, and a poor company image. The word leadership can refer to ability to get people to follow by their will. 5.2. Leadership and management. ‘True leaders have an uncanny way of enrolling people in their vision through their optimism – sometimes unwarranted optimism’, Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., 2004. To continue my thesis I am writing about leadership and management. In the book of Bennis, W., and Nanus, B. about the leadership and management I found out an interesting the author’s attempt which distinguish the leadership from management. This book described men’s leadership and management, also strategies of leadership. The main description here is that men use their power, status in leadership; also they are result-oriented and communicative. Authors stated that leadership skills were once thought a matter of birth. Leaders were born, not made summoned to their calling through some unfathomable process. This might be called the ‘Great Man’ theory of leadership. Here authors pointed out, that leaders are natural born and that environment, time, and situation dictate the style of  leadership. Here we can see that leaders mostly are male-politicians, they reviewed through leadership style and strategies of leadership. This research is based in interviews of leaders, gives a clarification to see what the difference between the leadership and management. The leadership and management are different because of the characteristics of leaders, also how leaders work and what are their attitudes to their followers, and how they achieve their goals. According to the authors’ opinion, leader should not only direct and exercise power, but also facilitate for teamwork. In order to identify the distinction between the leaders and managers, the book investigated the characteristics of 17 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova leadership, the role of social architecture, the significance of the visions of leaders, importance of optimism and trusteeship of leaders. According to this research, there is a big difference between management and leadership and both are important without doubt. As we know one of the prevalent expression is that managers are people who do things right and leaders is people who do the right thing. In other words, to manage – is to accomplish something, to have charge of/or responsibility to conduct. The definition of management – is the act of getting people together to accomplish desired goals. Management includes planning, organizing, resourcing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization (a group of one or more people) or effort for the purpose of accomplishing a goal. Resourcing contains the deployment and manipulation of human resources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources. Management can also refer to the person or people who perform the act of management. As for leading, is to influence, guide in direction, course, action, opinion. The leadership – is the process of influencing people while operating to meet organizational requirements and improving the organization through change. Leadership – as change agents who guide their followers onto new heights, while along the way, they develop and grow their followers. Leaders two driving goals should be make the organization a success. Anyone can become a leader that has the willingness and drive to achieve that goal. Traits can be changed or reduced by focusing upon the more desirable traits. But the better leaders concentrate on and grow their desirable traits so that they over-power their weaker traits. 18 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Furthermore, a very important that there are four strategies of leadership: first of all, attention through vision, meaning through communication, trust through positioning and the deployment of self through positive self regard. These four strategies makes clear how the leaders become leaders, what kind of tools and mechanisms are used in order to achieve success. Regarding the first strategy, authors argue about the unity between the leaders and followers. By their opinion attention of leaders to followers is considered as one of the major strategies. In addition, in this part of strategy authors mention about the vision and organization. According to their research, the organization has a clear sense of its purpose, direction, and desired future state and when this image is widely shared, individuals are able to find their own roles in the organization. In other words, for the success of their organization leaders should deliver their vision for their followers. In the first strategy, research also took into account the importance of past, present and future. For the successful leadership the leader should analyze the whole nature of organization, including its past business, present situation and future vision. The second  strategy, so called meaning through communication also develops the importance of unity between leaders and followers. According to this research work, communication creates meaning for people. The only way any group, small or large, can become aligned behind the overarching goals of organization. In many big companies, leaders are just busy with their business meetings and because of their busy schedule they sometimes even don’t see often their workers. However, as it is argued, communication and interaction between the leaders and followers is very important. Regarding the second strategy it was also mentioned about the social architecture. By the author’s opinion social architecture is very important for leaders. They believe that social architecture presents a shared interpretation of organizational events, so that members know how they are 19 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova expected to behave. Organization’s social architecture serves as a control mechanism, proscribing particular kind of behavior. Social architecture is very important for leaders. It is argued that when organizations develop they might need to change or shape their market performance depending on the necessity. In this case it is very significant to take into consideration the social architecture as well. In general, the social architecture is a very important part in the company’s development, because it is built for many years. In some companies employees are used to work with the same structure and methods for a long period of time. Therefore, it is obvious when company wants to change its market performance it will meet difficulties. In the case of product changes and transformation, companies need at first to make a relevant approach to their followers. As for the third strategy, it is also considered as one of the most important ingredients of all organizations. According to authors view, Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., (2004) they maintain that, ‘trust is the emotional glue that binds followers and leaders together. It cannot be mandated or purchased, it must be earned. How the trust can be earned? and how long it will take to earn it? In order to earn the trust in the organization there should be teamwork policy. Organization should work as one team, and it can strengthen unity.’ Regarding the trust authors also argue that in order to earn trust there should be a clear interpretation of leader’s position and their vision of work for their followers. Like in the first and second strategies, the main point is that followers should have clear idea, what is the position and what are the main objectives of the organization. In addition, authors gave information about the concept of organizational positioning. In order to make it clear, their research makes a distinction between the human organizations and other organisms. In addition, according to their analysis, there are four main strategies that leaders choose in order to position their organization: reactive, change the internal environment, change 20 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova the external environment, and establish a new linkage between the external and internal environments. All of these strategies are purposed for leaders to earn trust, because all of the strategies are aimed to make a clear vision of the leader’s position to their followers. The last strategy is also very interesting, which is called deployment of self. This means that leaders are perpetual learners, some of the leaders learn from reading books while most of the leaders learn from other people. The research talks not only about how leaders learn, but also it makes a reference to organizational context. For example, it is stated that, organizational learning is the process by which an organization obtains and uses new knowledge, tools, behaviors, and values. It happens at all levels in the organization – among individuals and groups as well as system wide. The way that authors made clarification of differences between leadership and management is useful and interesting. I completely agree with them that in the current world it is very important for organizations to predict and oversee the future perspectives. Because, the success of the organization  and leadership depends not only past and current situation analysis, but also it highly depends upon the future vision of the leaders. Within this connection, this book very informative in terms of leadership perspectives since authors made accent on men style, strategies which can be used by leaders for their followers. My understanding of this definition and description is that men as leaders have to improve their skills and take into consideration that: ‘People don’t want to be managed. They want to be led.’ The whole book is dedicated to men as leaders, and authors gave examples of politicians, it proves that most of leaders are men. The same can be adapted to organization’s leadership. However, my writing is about men and women leadership and management differences. That’s why I will continue saying about female leadership and what the main differences from male one. 21 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 5.3. Male’s and female’s style in leadership. ‘Finding roles for women isn’t the problem. Finding one for men is.’ Margaret Mead, http://www.albatrus.org/men_natural_leaders.htm As we know, women enter leadership sphere, which mainly occupied by men. The leadership styles of women and men are differs. What are the differences or similarities, what women and men do and how they deal with this? Mostly there is basic information about leadership styles of women and men on the example of autocratic and democratic styles of both men and women. The behavior of women and men in leadership style related to leadership roles. It is different for men and women and the fact that women face more barriers to become leaders, especially for leader roles that are male-dominated. This issue is usually discussed in terms of leadership styles, than behavior. Distinctions in styles can be important because they are one factor that may affect people’s views about whether women should become leaders. It is not surprising that women are the usual focus of discussions of the impact of  gender on leadership. From one side, the differences in leadership style can provide a rationale for excluding women from opportunities and especially from maledominated leadership roles. From another side, the perception of sameness would fail to acknowledge the relational qualities which are traditional source of female pride and that may contribute to superior performance by women leaders. But differences and similarity is not the main point. Therefore, leadership styles of women and men are different, probably because women more cooperative and collaborative, but less hierarchical, than men. However, men and women have different social roles, for instance in the family and employment place. The main differences of 22 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova men from women, that male are assertive, controlling, and confident tendency, for example: they characterized as ‘aggressive, ambitions, dominant, independent, self-confident and competitive’. On the contrary, women are ‘affectionate, kind, helpful, sympathetic, nurturant, interpersonally sensitive and gentle’, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). Having different characteristics male and female try to adopt each others’ style of leadership in order to be competent in leader roles. Another point of view, that leadership doesn’t know the gender. The definition of leader is a person named by the group as the leader, person who group members perceive to be the leader, person who has the greatest influence on the groups’ decision and who actually performs leadership behaviors. According to the task behavior women emphasize production. They will continue their strong contributions to the task at hand when the group is doing well, where as men will reduce their contributions as the group does better. It was found out that female leaders spend more time  communicating about the task on hand than men, as they make more off-task comments. There are suggestions to strengthen females and their work in group. They generate twice as many procedural suggestions in resolving conflicts as men do. It is usually because females worked substantially harder than any other member in the group. When we look to the social-emotional behaviors, we can tell that women are more likely to meet the social-emotional needs of the group slightly more than men do. Women are rated as being more interpersonally warm during the first interactions then male leaders. Females using an authoritarian style of leadership were perceived less favorably than males using the same style. In decision making, women use a democratic or participative style than men. Men who worked 23 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova under women supervision were more opened for the leadership of a woman. Women value listening as a skill that makes others feels both comfortable and important. How women interact and what kind of way they are using: First of all, women have an equalitarian (a person who believes in the equality of all people) view among themselves. Secondly, women are described to be more cooperative and supportive, while their male counterparts tend to be more self-assertive and competitive. Thirdly, women desire leaders who are cooperative, empathetic, supportive, democratic, and calm. Fourthly, most women perceive leadership more as a facilitation and organization rather then power and dominance. If we summarize above written, females and males are equally effective leaders. In addition, female and male leaders are equally effective in conflict management styles. The only difference in female and male conflict management styles include age, education, and managerial  experience the leaders must share similarities to one another. Both, ‘men and women who have female bosses are more collaborative, and less aggressive than men’, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). They seek consensus, emphasize team building, are more nurturing and empathetic, and are more approachable. However, males are still frequently rated more positively than females for the same behaviors. Men show more leadership, have higher-quality contributions, being more desirable for hiring, meriting a higher salary, and more responsible job. For the same behaviors females were rated as more emotional, less warm, less sensitive, and less attractive than males. Women have begun to increase their individual power, independence, assertiveness, and competitiveness. Male dominance is effectively reduced when people are reminded of their equalitarian attitudes. 24 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Leaders are expected to create conditions under which collective learning and continuous improvement can occur. Achieving these knowledge-based outcomes depends on emotional or relational intelligence. It includes the next skills: self-awareness, listening, empathy, also learn from others and empower others. So, leadership based on individual achievement, focused on collective learning and mutual influence, also noted by egalitarian relational skills and emotional intelligence. Male and female can display individualism, assertiveness and dominance are socially attributed to men and generally understood as masculine. The interpretation of this event is to predict that the shift to new leadership practices will create a female advantage. But this process toward new models of leadership is more complex, because the shift is related to a gendered power dynamic, not just to gender. It is more interesting because it is about genderlinked shift in the very understanding of how to achieve business success. To investigate these involvements we need to understand the association of certain characteristics with masculinity and feminity and what has to do with the rules for business success. The main reason for that the way to view the social world divided into two spheres of activity: the public sphere, for instance work. And the private sphere – family and community. This way of seeing the world is so natural. For instance, labor in the work sphere is assumed to be skilled, dependent on training and labor in the domestic sphere. This gender separation of two spheres of life is significant in leadership. The ‘label feminine and masculine is attributed as certain characteristics’ and how to do good work in each sphere, Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, (2003). Women are active participants in the domestic area – family and men are active in the work area. These images of gender linked attributes are idealized, but have a powerful effect expected to act in each on how men and women act. Also how they are expected to act in each sphere and what 25 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova types of behavior are considered appropriate and inappropriate. The view of separate spheres helps us see that new models of leadership break some basic principles and beliefs about gender, power, individual achievement, also work and family. 5.5. Research study and finding ‘You gain strength, courage and confidence by every experience in which you really stop to look fear in the face. You must do the thing you think you cannot do’. Eleanor Roosevelt, This citation from web site: http://www.nwlink. com. I found out during my research study that there is a really nice concept about natural born leaders, it means born to lead. This finding opens view that both, female and male are natural born leaders and can lead followers willingly. This approach is a theory of male’s and  female’s leadership. That means leaders are people who can act according to the situations, be flexible, adaptive to the environment, and in compliance with the style of leadership. During research it is important to characterize who are leaders, what are gender differences, and leadership styles. As for leaders’ definition, they are people with concept of natural born leaders – born to lead. Leaders, both male and female, believe in their own actions and inspire followers for reaching goals. There is gender, which is a social construct, and there is what is referred to as a masculine or feminine leadership style. These leadership styles are based on how female and male are usually socialized, but a man or woman might use a masculine or feminine style. That’s why good leaders of both genders are able to use these styles according to the current or particular situation. All leaders have some preferred styles which their can use to approach things. Female and male leaders learn the skills by themselves and develop people around them with these strengths. The research study about females’ and males’ leadership shows that women, gender, and leadership mean very different things to different people. Therefore, some women still perceive 26 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova many barriers and challenges. Females usually have to work harder and perform better, but they are perceived as having more opportunities. Women in management are desirable because females bring a different style of leadership. For example, female bring a less aggressive and more intuitive style, also they tend to keep the authoritarian masculine style. These softer skills are more in demand today rather than the aggressive, dominating style of men. At the same time females need to be more motivated and encouraged by them and family because they fight for promotion. Since  women combine job with family, so they pursue their selfish ambition to place their careers ahead of family responsibilities. What the ways of leading and how female lead? Women managers are succeeding in leadership by drawing on what is unique to their experience as women. According to practice, men and women in similar managerial jobs make the same amount of money and experience. But in leadership styles there are differences: Male are much more likely than women to view leadership as a series of transactions with subordinates, and to use their position and control of resources to motivate their followers. Female, on the other hand, are far more likely than men to describe themselves as transforming subordinates’ self-interest into concern for the whole organization. Women are using personal traits like charisma, work record, and interpersonal skills to motivate others. Women leaders develop and practice interaction or interactive leadership. They are trying to make every interaction with coworkers, it is positive for all involved in participation, also they encourage, share power and information, make people feel important, and energizing them. In general, women have been expected to be supportive and cooperative. This is one of explanation why women leaders today tend to be more interactive than men. But interactive leadership should not be linked directly to being female, since some men use that style and some women prefer the democratic style. That is why female and male in 27 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova this are having similar features of leadership because organizations that are open to leadership styles with individuals’ strengths will increase their opportunities in a fast-changing environment. However, for women in leadership, it is very important to develop and keep interpersonal skills and professional competence, since it plays a big role in achieving results. There are some good suggestions how to make good and  quick decisions for women in business insight. The principle consists of skill’s set where men are consistently rated by bosses as outperforming women. Figure out how to increase profitable growth, customer retention and customer acquisition. Communicate effectively to people at all levels in organization, including a boss, colleagues, and subordinates. It is better to state the goals or successes in terms of how what people are doing helps the organization reach their key goal. If women get to the point, try do not lose control, state things in absolutes and not questions, so they are training their skills and as female-leaders learning how to overcome successfully. In addition, there are many females who learn and improve their business skills by networking. There are many attainments that women gain, practice skills which are needy for success in the business world. That’s why women are coordinating their calendars and setting a schedule to network. The information gained by networking can keep women informed of the latest trends. Women have unique ideas and their implement them during discussions with colleagues. The business experience that women have is tools for success in the business world. Some women network with their suppliers and distributors to find out what their thoughts are on getting a product to market. Women serve an active role at home and in the office, they are having skills to deal with conflicts that can occur. Women learn to balance job in business with a family life, 28 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova that’s why get out of obstacles and come up with a manageable solution. They learned these skills by networking with professionals. Therefore a growth of women in business increased. One of the reasons is that this rate of growth might be because the women set goals that they wanted to  reach. And, these women have taken an intensive and assertive step for taking positions of leadership. That’s why many women have remarkable rate of success in business. One of the positive reasons is that their goals included training that would prepare them to operate a business successfully. Women are applying for business at the same rate as male leaders. Women learn to guide the growth of their companies by using various resources at their disposal. Equity from a business perspective is considered as a measurement for the success and growth of a company. Women are successful in business because they are open to learn and get new skills. Women grow businesses better because developed patience in dealing with problems, also they learn to negotiate a successful outcome to any problems. The growth of women in business is increasing; some of them learned to manage money, budgets and operate with finance. Women are growing strong in the business world because they have a different management style, it is named as finance. The growing rate of successful women in business is due to their skills people that they do business with. They have confidence when work in the team and built a trust in everyone in the company. From the people that manage their finance to the people that deliver their goods, women know that their businesses will grow because it is personal to everyone at work. The analysis taken from my research study can be following. Females may try to be something other than what they are, adopting a masculine style, for example, and not being authentic can be a mistake for any leader. That’s why this way of leadership style can bring positive reflection and 29 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova results on own attitude, habits, goals, career opportunity. Leaders need to understand their strengths and their priorities, as well as the culture, policies, and systems around them. There are wonderful opportunities, but  this means women have enormous choices and a much broader range of prototypes to think about and analyze. Some of females are making progress in taking leadership roles in organizations. It is clear that women can go all the way to the top today. And it is clear that female leaders face some problems as others, including men. Female with a high potential are in incredible demand, so companies need to look at how to retain these women. However, for today, the drive to the equalitarian roles of male and female is not a fight against of men or women. Also, it is not a war against men and their rights, family life and mutual respect between the sexes. The equality model is that has as much relevance to a modern society. This equality is a delicate balance of power, respect and sharing of responsibilities between men and women. That’s why egalitarian style is making female and male an efficient and productive, flexible and effective. This is proof of the fact that the best leaders are married people; they are the best in leadership. For instance, men are best when they lead and provide for their families, at the same time they improve themselves through skills of leaders and contribute their positive impact to society and vice versa. Both male and female get leadership skills during their study, education, job experience, trainings, seminars, they obtain good characteristics as qualifications, intelligence, hard work, and so forth. The best leaders, female and male, use rationally and successfully all obtained skills according to their surroundings, job occupation, environment, situation. That’s why all the time the best females’ and males’ leaders are trying to keep the following: â€Å"They do the things they think they can not do†¦Ã¢â‚¬  30 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova 6. Conclusion In this thesis I wrote about leaders, leadership style and management, differences of male and female in leadership. I found out that many people are natural born leaders. They gain skills of leaders and learn leadership, both male and female. As for women, they are combining autocratic and democratic style of leadership. However, men and women have different social roles, for instance in the family and employment place. As for men, they are holding autocratic style of leadership, but it depends from sphere and location. Therefore, women’s and men’s leadership style interrelated with their roles. For example, women are keeping house and working, at the same time men are taking part in housing, but mostly they are making career and busy with job. The priority men are giving to their job occupation. Anyway, men and women have different characteristics and try to adopt each others’ style of leadership in order to be competent as leaders. Also, if male and female leaders are keeping skills of natural born leaders, such as ‘self-awareness, building rapport, clarify expectations’, develop others as leaders, ‘develop leadership influence skills’, to influence others follow willingly, create a motivating environment, so they are competent, desired, and essential as leaders in many spheres: business, politics, education, sport, and so forth. In addition, interpersonal skills and professional competence are important. Male and female could use these skills, and all above mentioned too, achieve results and reach their goals, it is very important for men and women. I would like to conclude my thesis by beautiful words which mostly related to business and sounded as meaningful expression: ‘Read Play Like a Man, Win Like a Woman’. (From the following web.site: http:// www.evancarmichael.com/Leadership/Women-Leadership.html). 31 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Acknowledgement I would like to express my warm words as thanks to Dr. Professor Phillippe Daudi and Professor Mikael Lundgren for tutoring and suggesting in thesis writing, and to Program Coordinator Teresa Johansson for making good support during thesis procedures and studying. It is very interesting interactions among students and professors and teaching staff. It gives motivation for study research and positive reflection for the thesis writing. Besides, it was very interesting for me to be in a role of opponent for another male team of master thesis with similar topic, for the first time. I think it is an active process and good experience of study in international environment. The final seminars were essential and useful for understanding of different topics, and point of view of other students on the same things. Therefore, studying is an interesting progress of intellectual growth, it gives a new knowledge which can be used in further job occupation and development of own career. 32 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova References Alice H. Eagly, Linda L.Carli, The Leadership Quarterly 14 (2003) 807-834. The female Leadership advantage: An evaluation of the evidence, Article. Bennis, W., and Nanus, B., Harper Business, New Yourk, (2004). Leaders: Strategies for Taking Charge. Blank Warren, Saranac Lake, NY, USA: AMACOM, (2001). 108 Skills of Natural Born Leaders. Judith G. Oakley, Journal of Business Ethics, (2000), Gender-based Barriers to Senior Management Positions: Understanding the Scarcity of Female CEOs. http://www.albatrus.org/men_natural_leaders.htm, Men – natural leaders, by  Alan Barron. http://www.evancarmichael.com/Leadership/Women-Leadership.html.Women Leadership. http://www.leadershiparticles.net, Women In Business Network, Growth Rate Of Women In Business, by Jim Brown. http://www.sclmcoach.com, 2002, Women’s Style of Leadership, by Alicia M. Rodrigues. http://www.nwlink.com, quotes. http://www.wisdomquotes.com/cat_leadership.html. 33 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova Enclosure: Guide for Thesis writing (Summary) This is an enclosure for master thesis that I supposed to use for making research at the beginning. This guide was suggested to the thesis writing as guiding principle or instruction, that’s why it is left as reminder and direction in this enclosure. A short guide for thesis is as a summary of main points, which gives a view of the whole thesis. Starting from research area I would like to say that according to the thesis theme Female and Gender Leadership, it concern of male and female leadership styles and leads to narrow of research toward female leadership. Research problem and/or issue/question remain the same: What are the main distinctions of men and women leadership and management styles in the context of gender and leader role? How male and female hierarchies can bring to investigate leadership role in companies and organizations? I would like to add that this area and questions is very actual now, and will bring to female leadership, how women are implementing their leadership and management style and what kind of features and organizational culture their  hold. In another words, how women deal with leadership and management in the male-dominated world. The importance and implication of the research is both interrelated. Therefore, each research is important and will have results first of all for the writer/author, tutor, than for all interested in it parties. The importance of this research is a core for making investigation. The implication 34 Master Thesis, Female and Gender Leadership Ainura Kadyrkulova should drive for using research methods and analyzes in order to conduct thesis writing in a way of doing own best. The usefulness and implication of this research consists of understanding of female leadership and further thinking about career, employment, etc. for women. Proposed methodology: I would like to use qualitative method for gathering relevant information and use an articles, books, and statistical information if it possible. To make analyzes of research data and formalize it to the answer of research question is one of the important issue during thesis writing. Theoretical context of the research (area/ topic/ question): The research area is male and female leadership and management. The object of study is men and women in the context of leadership and management, with further narrowing of female leadership and management style. While making research the different leadership theories can be reviewed and applied according to the necessity. As for feasibility, I believe that it can be done according to the thesis instructions and tutor’s feedback, advices, including own contribution to  the thesis investigation. The thesis is an important one and students will gain and improve their own research and writing skills. My vision of expected results is realistic and will be based on the chosen research question, methods and time plan (schedule of thesis writing). This thesis theme is interesting and could bring new knowledge about female leadership as a study for future perspectives of men and women leadership role. 35