Decentralized Approach for Achieving Seamlessness

Decentralized Approach for Achieving Seamlessness CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK Thesis Outcome The major outcome of this research effort is to analyse the feasibility and benefits of achieving seamlessness with the proposed decentralized approach augmenting the conventional centralized approach for heterogeneous networks. In lieu of this, the outcomes achieved include A Hybrid Approach (Linux Kernel Module and SCTP) to decrease the latency during Vertical Handoff process and IP mobility to achieve seamless continuity. Location Awareness in Hybrid Approach to reduce the triggering of unnecessary handoffs during vertical handoff that result in performance degradation. Contributions of the Present Work In this thesis, several aspects and approaches for seamless continuity are discussed. The major contributions of the work carried out in this thesis are: Different approaches to achieve seamless continuity in heterogeneous networking environment. A brief review on the open issues and challenges related to seamless continuity. Design and development of daemon based decentralized approach for intranet environment. Design and development of an efficient and fast method known as kernel based decentralized approach for improving the latency during handoffs. Development of Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) approach for addressing dynamic address reconfiguration in heterogeneous environment. Design and development of a novel hybrid method using the combination of SCTP and kernel module. Development of a location aware method to incorporate into the hybrid approach for heterogeneous networks. Solution Overview The proposed solution is a hybrid approach to achieve seamless session continuity in heterogeneous networks. This approach is completely decentralized complementing the centralized approach which is completely based on server agents. It can be applied to both intra and Internet environment without any changes to the network layer. To prove this approach for seamlessness, testing was done on three network interfaces Ethernet (eth), WLAN (wlan), WCDMA (wcdma). For Intranet A vertical handoff daemon was developed to achieve seamlessness over heterogeneous networks. This daemon application runs as a background process at the user space and it also takes care of the handoff process between various radio interfaces. Firstly, this proposed daemon continuously polls for the registered interfaces and then checks the status (live or dead) of these devices. Later, it also updates the status to the network layer of the protocol stack to keep the service continuing between the mobile device and the server. The designed architecture is well suited for all the IP based multimedia applications but running only in intranet environment. IP mobility is an issue which has to be still addressed which cannot be solved in this approach. For Internet To achieve seamless continuity over heterogeneous networks, this proposed solution is a combination of Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) and Linux kernel module. This kernel module gets registered with the Linux kernel and updates the status of various interfaces by signalling the SCTP application running at the user level. This SCTP application will then accomplish the handoff process between various network interfaces. The reason behind this approach is SCTP has an advantage of IP address reconfiguration which solves the IP mobility issue and Kernel module has an advantage of latency. This accomplishes the handoff process in a faster and elegant fashion. But this will not solve the problem of unnecessary triggering of handoffs. In this regard the following handoff decision process was integrated into hybrid approach to improve performance while achieving seamlessness. Location based Handoff Decision This proposed algorithm is completely based on location based information. This is a research effort to study the feasibility of location based solution which consists of combining the conventional handoff decision with a location based evaluation mechanism. This mechanism relies on positioning method for obtaining mobile user position fixes. Once the user’s location, speed and direction are calculated, the evaluation mechanism will predict the user’s path. It will then decide whether the user will remain in the same network coverage area for necessary duration to result in performance improvement. If not, this proposed evaluation method will notify the mobile device to trigger a handoff. The knowledge on user’s location, speed and direction is necessary to prevent inefficient and unnecessary handoffs. Conclusion In this research effort, a seamless vertical handoff system across heterogeneous networks is presented. It is implemented in current Linux operating system. In the proposed system, the handoff latency is much shorter than other current systems focusing on the issue of vertical handoff. Different from other vertical handoff systems, handoff agents or servers are not required in this system. Only with the mobile host itself, the vertical handoff can be realized. Moreover, the overhead during handoff is also quite low. The system is evaluated through a series of experiments. The experimental results demonstrated the handoff is handled in a fast and elegant manner. The proposed system is tested in the real-world analyses. The experiments were conducted under different environments and evaluated with various multimedia applications. This work is not only for home network solution but it is extended to an Internet solution. Moreover, prior to triggering handoff, the algorithm’s ability to predict user direction, speed and visit to WLAN coverage area allowed it to provide an observable benefit both on user’s perspective and also on network’s perspective. This location based evaluation of the algorithm helped to not only prevent the occurrence of unnecessary handoffs which would result in performance degradation but also reduce wastage of resources. The novel hybrid decentralized approach based on location awareness presented in this work handled the issues of latency, dynamic address reconfiguration and unnecessary triggering of handoffs for seamless continuity in heterogeneous networks. Future Work Keeping in view the wide proliferation of heterogeneous networks and high level of interworking required for next generation mobile users, the scope of the future work can be more focussed on pursuing open challenges such as battery power consumption, Quality of Service (QoS) and security for effective ubiquitous experience and seamless continuity. Battery power consumption of the mobile client is a significant criterion for handoff. Whenever the battery power drops to particular threshold, the mobile client should immediately shift to lower power demand network interface. As the demand for multimedia applications increases there is a need to guarantee QoS such as high available bandwidth, Bit Error Rate (BER), network load balancing, Signal to Noise ratio (SNR) and so on. Security is another important criterion which needs to be addressed. Hence, when handoff data is exchanged between devices it is always preferable to have network with high level of encryption. In this research effort, some work was done on best Access Point selection algorithm. With the enormous increase of WLAN AP’s everywhere, there is a need to look at new approaches to select the best AP among multiple AP’s for achieving horizontal handoffs.

Environmentalism in Manga and Anime :: Environmentalism Environment Essays

Environmentalism in Manga and Anime In Western news stories, Japan and the environment usually only come up together in one form: Japan is ruining the environment. Japan is hunting endangered whales; Japan is overfishing depleted fishing stocks; Japan has walled up the last of its wild rivers; Japan is building up all its wild areas. All these accusations are, unfortunately, true to some large degree. Even in anime, all too often what we see are images that point to a continuation of the current trend: metal and concrete mega-cities, like those in the anime Dominion, Akira, Gunnm, or in Bubblegum Crisis, or any of the other hard science-fiction worlds. Not a pleasant picture --- and in fact, in those "cyberpunk"-ish stories, the world is not a pleasant place to be in, in general. But, running through other works is a thread of a different hue. Listen closely, and a different voice is heard --- the voice of dissent, the voice protesting the loss of green spaces and clean waters and open air. Where has this voice come from? I'm not quite qualified to say for sure, but I can guess. Some of it is obvious: people who are tired of seeing tranquil forests razed, or seeing their favorite beach turned into a concrete nightmare (such as in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan); people who read the news and hear of oil spills and extinctions and pollution problems. But another aspect is surely the traditional sense of Taoism that runs deep in Japanese culture. Taoism was the primary influence for ancient Asian paintings depicting humans and their habitations as mere tiny decorations on sweeping mountain vistas. Shintoism, along with traditional Chinese beliefs, helped add the concept of spirits and deities residing in trees and rocks and even household items. The sum of these philosophis suggests that humans should work within nature --- and this belief can be seen reflected in even some of today's modern manga. Whatever the reason, though, the environmentalist call comes up loud and clear in many places. Perhaps the best example is in the works of the father of manga himself, Tezuka Osamu. Some are familiar with his Jungle Taitei series ("Kimba the White Lion"). But Tezuka's fondness for animals and wildlife extends beyond the children's story. If we look at Black Jack (of Black Jack), we see a maverick, unlicensed, brilliant surgeon who charges ridiculous fees for his work. What does the normally cold-hearted Black Jack use the vast sums of money for?

Hybrid technology: shaping society’s future Essay

An Introduction to Hybrid Cars According to TechFaq, A hybrid car depends on two kinds of engines for propulsion power. Most hybrid cars available today use a combination of gasoline and electric engines while some use a combination of diesel and electric engines. Traditional gasoline-powered cars derive their propulsion power from combustion of gasoline. The combustion of gas produces the energy needed to turn the transmission as well as the wheels. Unfortunately, although fossil fuels still delivers the most power per pound, their by-products are harmful to the environment. Fossil fuels are also non renewable resources so as they became more scarce, their prices continued to rise. Electric-powered cars, on the other hand, have a set of powerful batteries for powering the electric motor which in turn rotates the transmission and turns the wheels. Although their by-products are almost pollution free, electric powered cars take a lot of time to recharge and are generally slow. A hybrid car combines the strengths of each type of engine. It produces less pollution and it is more economical than the conventional car while still being more powerful than electric powered cars. Its Components The components of a hybrid car are a fuel tank for the gasoline engine, a cutting-edge gasoline engine that is much smaller, more efficient and produces less pollution than usual gasoline engines, an electric motor/generator which can either draw energy from the batteries to power the car or charge the batteries while the car is slowing down, a set of batteries which acts much like the fuel tank for the electric motor, and the transmission which turns the wheels. It also has Regenerative Braking, Temporary Engine Shut-off, and other features like minimal-drag tires, carbon fiber, and other lightweight materials to reduce overall weight and state of the art aerodynamic designs for the body. All these things make it easier for a hybrid car to drive up inclines and accelerate, attain higher speeds as well as minimize fuel consumption and emissions (TeqFaq). Hybrid Cars and their Effects on Society Sky-high oil prices and an increased awareness of the energy and global-warming crises are helping fuel the hybrid’s gradually increasing visibility, wrote Donaldson-Evans of Fox News. â€Å"It’s part of the popular culture now. You are going to see more offerings,† said Aaron Robinson, technical editor at Car and Driver Magazine. â€Å"Car companies that do not offer hybrids will be seen as behind. † Its Effects on the People’s Buying Habits: According to the Donaldson-Evans report, with gasoline now being sold at higher than $3-a-gallon in much of the U. S. , hybrids are certainly getting more attention than ever before in their short lifespan. (Those sold in the United States are all less than 10 years old. )Almost every major car company that does business in America is offering hybrids or has them in the works. â€Å"Fuel is only going to get more expensive,† Robinson said. â€Å"People are changing their buying habits as a result. † Toyota has also pledged to make a total of one million hybrid cars by the end of the decade. â€Å"The hybrids have been profitable since very early on,† said Toyota Motor Sales U. S. A. spokesman Wade Hoyt. â€Å"We’re not losing money on it. It’s not a charity operation. We see the market as expanding. † Its Effects on the Car Industry The Japanese car manufacturer isn’t the only game in town when it comes to autos powered by gas and electric batteries, however. Ford Motor Company (F) offers the For Escape and the Mercury Mariner SUVs in the fuel-efficient forms, with plans for Ford Fusions and Mercury Milans to go hybrid by 2008. Ford Motor Co. spokesman Monte Doran said sales of the Escape and Mariner hybrids were up 55 percent in the first five months of 2006. â€Å"Ford is researching many different ways to deliver greener miles to consumers,† Doran said. â€Å"Hybrids are a very important part of that: They deliver amazing improvements in fuel economy without sacrificing performance and utility. † Other car makers with hybrids in the works: Hyundai, Nissan and GM’s Saturn and Chevrolet divisions, according to Robinson. Its Effects on Public Transportation The Fox News report went on by relaying how one Yellow Cab taxi driver in San Francisco has been carting passengers around in a Ford Escape hybrid since 2004 and can’t remember what his life was like in the strictly gas-powered world. â€Å"I love it. I wouldn’t go back to a regular cab,† said Paul Gillespie, the driver representative for the city’s seven-member taxi commission. â€Å"It saved me between $4,000 and $5,000 in gas last year. † Gillespie said San Francisco has between 40 and 50 hybrid taxis on the road, and he hopes to see that number climb steadily. â€Å"You’re just so much less noisy and intrusive and stinky,† he said. â€Å"It’s a win-win situation — you’re putting thousands of dollars in drivers’ pockets in addition to reducing CO2 emissions. † In the hybrid’s early days — around 1999 or 2000 — consumers and automakers were hesitant to latch onto the trend in part because of the fear that the battery would die every so often and be expensive to replace. Robinson believes hybrids will one day become so common and so widely used that they’ll just be another feature drivers can choose, rather than a totally different animal, the way they still seem now. It is expected that more and more public transportation vehicles will be using hybrid technology since it is to those vehicles that stop and go more often that hybrids work best as.

Analysis Of The Afternoon Of A Faun - 1728 Words

Vaslav Nijinskys The Afternoon of a Faun The Afternoon of a Faun is a modern ballet choreographed by Vaslav Nijinsky to a short symphonic work by Claude Debussy called Prà ©lude à   laprà ¨s-midi dun faune. It was Nijinskys first choreographed work and was first performed by Diaghilevs Ballets Russes in Paris at the Thà ©Ãƒ ¢tre du Chà ¢telet on May 29, 1912. The costumes and sets were designed by Là ©on Bakst. Both the music and the ballet were inspired by the poem Laprà ¨s-midi dun faune by Stà ©phane Mallarmà ©. The Afternoon of a Faun is a poem that describes a dreamy eroticism combined with a sense of whimsy, which is translated into the ballet. The poem represents the running thoughts of a faun who wakes up from a nap on a warm summer afternoon†¦show more content†¦The faun, who is neither human nor non-human, neither masculine nor feminine, forces atypical ideas of gender onto audiences. This was something audiences had never seen before, and to not only display this type of character, but to show h im engaging in such a private act, was revolutionary. This was meant to make the audience uncomfortable, to make them see sexuality in another way. In the final scene, the faun lies down on top of the scarf and, with obvious erotic desire, starts thrusting his pelvis until the end of the ballet. The faun engages sexually with the object for what is purely self-pleasure, showing the animalistic desires of man. It was a display of sexuality purely for the faun’s sake, rather than as traditional display of love. This was not love between a man and a woman, not even between two humans, this was pleasure for gender neutral figure. These ideas of alternative sexual and gender identities were new for the century. The ballet’s final scene caused a scandal with its sexual frankness. In the newspaper Le Figaro, one of the leading French morning daily newspapers, the editor Gaston Calmette wrote, We have had a faun, incontinent, with vile movements of erotic bestiality and gestures of heavy shamelessness. To him, Nijinskys dance was the too-expressive pantomime of the body of an ill-made beast, hideous, from the front, and even more hideousShow MoreRelatedEssay about Listening Report1776 Words   |  8 Pages Concert Analysis: Songs Around the Word I Offer Thee by Allen Ridout 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Gregorian chant consists of a single-lined melody and is monophonic in texture. This piece also consists of these basic structures as well as not having any harmory or counterpoint. This piece performed by U of I faculty member Steven Rickards, is sung a cappella. 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This piece differs from the traditional Gregorian chant of the Middle ages because of the jumps and leaps

Analysis Of The Poem Beach Burial By Kenneth Slessor

With every journey comes a destination which is dependent on the degree of the individual and their will to potentially better themselves. A journey offers travelers the opportunity to extend themselves physically, intellectually and emotionally as they respond to challenges. Ruby Moon by Matt Cameron is a contemporary fractured fairytale in the form of a play that explores the grim, Australian legend of the missing child. This text portrays real issues in an absurd representation which forces the reader on an imaginative journey as well as the characters in an inner journey to establish an identity. Beach Burial by Kenneth Slessor is a distressing elegy about loss of life through war. Slessor’s sophisticated language, allows the responder to empathise and mourn the wastefulness of life in war while also to appreciate the commonality of human existence. This text highlights the concept of journeying of the soul from both the reader and the responder. Through the use of a varie ty of visual and written techniques, these texts portray the concept of an existential journey, the indefinite search for true self and true personal meaning in life. Deep loss of an individual or one others’ individuality triggers an existential crisis and without journeying imaginatively, the chance to create one’s purpose becomes absent. Though the loss of Ruby Moon solely dominates the play, the battle each character undergoes to create a false realm in order to gain purpose in life goes farShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Beach Burial1259 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Analysis of ‘Beach Burial’ Kenneth Slessor’s poignant poem, ‘Beach Burial’ contemplates on the improper and unfair burial that the Australian soldiers, who were at war with the Germans during World War 2, receive as a result of the fact that they could not get back home. The main idea that the poet was trying to get across was that as a result of the soldiers not being able to get a proper burial, they are not able to be recognized and are considered to be just another casualty of war:

Abnormality Definition Essay - 1013 Words

Abnormality can be defined in several different aspects... According to the English Oxford living dictionary (2017) abnormality as ‘’ Deviating from what is normal or usual, typically in a way that is undesirable or worrying. However, there are several ways of defining abnormality including: failing to function adequately, deviation from social norms; statistical infrequency; deviation of ideal mental health. When somebody isn’t coping with the demands and activities of everyday life, they are deemed to be failing to function adequately. Daily activities include: regularly showering, communicating with people, maintaining a job. According to Rosenhan and Seligman (1989) cited by McLeod, S. A. (2014) some characteristics of this†¦show more content†¦However, this definition does distinguish between positive and negative behavior which is lacking in the definition of statistical infrequency... Cardwell,M. and Flanagan, C.(2015,pp.98-99) Statistical infrequency is used by incorporating mathematics into the definition. It uses human attributes against normal distribution within the population, using this information there is a mean and this is what is perceived as being normal. Standard deviation measures how far scores are from the mean. For example, if someone was to have an IQ two or more deviation below or above the average they would be seen as abnormal. When comparing this approach to metal health, it’s hard to indefinitely say that being deviations away from the average indicates abnormality. This is implied by McManus, S., Meltzer, H., Brugha, T. S., Bebbington, P. E., Jenkins, R. (2009) that state that one in four people will have a problem with mental health a year. Due to this being within two deviations, it doesn’t technically make them abnormal. Moreover, due to it being mathematical it makes it quite clear and unambiguous on what abnormal is and removes any bias. Willard,E(2015). Marie Jahoda(1958) cited by Cook,S(2011), questioned why we define physical health with abscence why we can’t do this with mental health... Jahoda conducted a criteria that would show good mental health, this included: †¢ Self attitudes: Having a great dealShow MoreRelatedAbnormality Essay Discuss Two or More Definitions of Abnormality920 Words   |  4 PagesINDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES Question 10 â€Å"Abnormality is very difficult to define. It can be hard to decide where normal behaviour ends and abnormal behaviour begins† Discuss two or more definitions of abnormality AO1 = 6 marks Knowledge and understanding of definitions of abnormality. AO2 = 6 marks Commentary on definitions of abnormality. The term ‘abnormal’ means deviating from the average. Therefore, if we were to adopt a literal approach to defining abnormality, we would conclude that any rareRead MoreChallenges in Identifying Mental Disorders685 Words   |  3 Pages This paper is a short APA formatted reflective essay on my research determining, why abnormal behavior or a mental disorder so difficult to understand. When discussing or defining what is abnormal we can run into some challenges on our techniques in defining or diagnosing a patient. There are so many ways a person or client or patient can appear normal or not. Misinterpreting this can lead to very unpleasant results. Definitions of Abnormality The follow defined terms can have great uses or limitationsRead MoreDrug Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd ) Essay1386 Words   |  6 Pagesdiseases, including a range of birth defects and developmental disorders collectively known as the foetal alcohol spectrum disorder. 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Schizophrenia is describes as anRead MoreTo what extent can developmental dyslexia be explained by a phonological deficit?1387 Words   |  6 PagesDyslexia – literally translated from Greek as ‘inadequate words or language’ – is a learning disability characterised by problems with reading, writing, spelling and speaking. The most common definition of dyslexia is the discrepancy definition, which suggests that dyslexics are those whose reading ability is below average for their age group, or IQ. The first case of dyslexia was reported in 1896 by Dr. Pringle-Morgan, who described an intelligent 14 year old boy who had an inability to read, asRead MoreEssay about Genetics and Schizophrenia1632 Words   |  7 PagesThis essay will discuss whether schizophrenia is genetically inherited disorder. There will be an understanding to what schizophrenia is with a brief des cription in the introduction. This essay will also talk about weather schizophrenia is genetically inherited or weather it is a biological (Inherited) disorder. It will also include weather schizophrenia is cause by other factors such as social factors, environmental, pre natal, childhood and neurobiology. The essay will also state weather schizophreniaRead MoreLearning Impairment Of Language Development1559 Words   |  7 Pagesparticular emphasis on the study of linguistic development in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders in recent years, (Bates, 2004). This essay aims so demonstrate how the evidence from disorders of language development has informed our understanding of how language typically develops. The language disorders that are going to be discussed in this essay are Specific Learning Impairment, (SLI), Williams Syndrome (WS) and Down Syndrome (DS). All of these disorder have impairments in linguistic developmentRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder Analysis846 Wor ds   |  4 Pageseffective intervention strategies that maximise developmental progress and reduce further maldevelopment. Importantly, it should be emphasised that the scope of this essay is limited to an overview of the pertinent neurobiological aspects of ASD, however as ASD is extremely heterogeneous these encompass a diverse group of abnormalities. Epidemiology and Aetiology The prevalence of ASD in the population is high, with recent estimates reporting around 1 in 100 people are diagnosed with the conditionRead MoreEducating Special Needs Students: I.E. Autism and Other Severe Disabilities1480 Words   |  6 Pages23, 2011 Professor Rebekah McCarthy This essay is entitled Educating Special Needs Students, the author will discuss and several important issues, which will be the following; the defining of Mental Retardation a term the author despises, Autism, Severe Disabilities and Multiple Disabilities, also their causes, and the impact of these disabilities have on the education of students with Mental Retardation. In addition to the above mentioned, the essay will identify areas of curriculum, necessaryRead MoreChild Development and the Impact of Autism1273 Words   |  6 Pagesorganized my causes and/or effects logically? Yes, I have organized my causes and effects throughout the paper. 4. Have I used sound logic? Yes, I have backed up my cause and effect ideas with research. 5. Have I concluded my essay effectively? Yes, I summed up the essay in the conclusion. 6. Have I proofread thoroughly? 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Employer Private Institution Collaboration †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Employer Private Institution Collaboration? Answer: Introduction The complex world of job market requires proper evaluation of individual skills of the graduates (Crane Kinash 2015). Employability portfolios serves as essential guides to critically assess those skills, knowledge and experiences gained in the course of their graduate studies. By extension the graduates develops necessary confidence to face the job market armed with documented personal competencies. The portfolio underscores individual skills, strengths and areas that require further development in order to acquire, retain and progress in discharge of employment (Crane Kinash 2015). This employability portfolio sets out to discuss the role of the graduate as a Finance Assistant vis--vis elements canvassed in the Graduate Employability Framework for the graduate planning to transition into the employment market. Summary of Finance Assistant employability portfolio Upon completion of the degree studies the graduate would qualify to be employed as Finance Assistant. The choice of this role is relevant in that it is an entry-level role for a graduate in the employmentsector before advancing to the ultimate position of Finance Director. The graduate would suit this role since their current roles involve preparing financial reports, communicating with clients and data entry on financial spreadsheets. Furthermore the graduate has relevant training in financial management solutions which is considered key in the discharge of the roles. Some of the responsibilities outlined in the job advertisement for the position of Finance Assistant include:Process and prepare financial and business forms, analyzing financial reports, creating, sending and following up on invoices, review of departmental budgets, data entry for financial spreadsheets, audit of financial reports, communicating with customers. The advertisement also enumerates desired competencies of prospective office holders such as flexibility in working schedules and goes ahead to emphasize employability elements as outlined in the Graduate Employability Framework. They include undergraduate degree in finance and accounting, solid communication skills, critical thinking, ability to work in a team and personal integrity (Crane Kinash 2015). The graduate did online-based research to gain insight into the role which informed their own challenges in career development. Important issues before joining the graduate recruitment job market The Graduate Employability Framework offers a wide range of elements the graduate needs in order to transition successfully into employment(Kinash Crane 2015). It points out the need to develop career focus and goals. In this respect, the graduate hassuccessfully completed foundation course in Fundamentals of business law, financial accounting and reporting, Economics and markets. He is also on course to finish Business Finance and ManagementAccounting in pursuit of licensure in certified public accountant. This will enable the graduate to have not only the Australian job market but also global appeal employability (Kinash Crane 2015). Furthermore, the graduate has completed a certificate course in Government and risk management and is eligible to advance to higher levels.Experience over the last two years working in a finance department has nurtured the skills of the graduate in key processes of finance. The graduate has consistently scored above average in key areas pertaining to f inance and confident to advance well beyond the graduate level to doctorate in the discipline of finance. However, the graduate may face issues that are considered important in the employability framework regarding the element of co-curricular (Crane Kinash 2015). Over the last two years the graduate has participated in minimal co-curricular activities. This in part has been caused by a minor road accident the graduate is recuperating from and will duly recover and make up for the lost opportunity (Crane Kinash 2015). The role of Finance Assistance also requires excellence in leadership skills. The graduate has not served in any distinguished leadership position during his undergraduate course. The fact that the graduate has been working from home means that he missed the opportunity to establish important networks with fellow workmates. Such business networks could provide important experience and act as basis to participate in many co-curricular activities (Crane Kinash 2015). The graduate however is resilient and will recover in due course to overcome these challenges. Critique on the Graduate Employability Framework Most graduates who are approaching the end of graduate course, the next focus is always on the employment sector. Here the graduate face complex and daunting challenges while making up mind on the appropriate career to pursue. The Graduate Employability Framework offer graduates important insight in self-evaluation regarding individual employability skills. It also offers a framework upon which the graduate can identify individual areas that may require further development and increase their prospects in the job market. The Graduate Employability Frameworkposits a wide range of elements that are important in determining the readiness to transition to the employment sector. It offers the perspective of the employers and essential components they consider in selecting potential employees. The model allows the graduate to portray their skills, knowledge and achievements in a unique way that raises their respective profile (Crane Kinash 2015). By developing individual development plan, t he graduate gains confidence to take on the job market since the plan reflects on personal past accomplishments and how to apply them to their future roles. However, the framework suffers from perceived theorization of practical job market (Andrew Higson 2008). There is no empirically adduced research evidence to back its persuasions. It is criticized for offering snap-shot view of employability which essentially limits intended application. In this sense, the Graduate Employability Framework ignores (Leece 2005) other factors that could be equally important in employability such as cultural background, the social class and age/gender. In this respect the graduate will need to take a more personalized evaluation while factoring in those elements that are not considered by the framework model of Kinash et al.As pointed out by Dacar, Pool, Qualter Sewell (2014) there is the danger of unrealistic self-assessment on the part of the graduates bringing in the need for professional carrier guidance during the assessment. Possible challenge in developing Personal Plan A personal development plan is essential in detailing personal areas that need further development in order to actualize employment targets (Gallagher 2010). The plan would help the graduate to bridge employability gap that may exist in the quest to procure and discharge the roles of Finance Assistant. To achieve this, the graduate must developed a SMART goal (Gallagher 2010) which will help the graduate to nurture the concept of flexibility and team work. Since the graduate has been working from home, he would lack important experience office environment provides. Fear due to lack of exposure may hinder the graduate from participating actively and socializing with the rest of the team. Lack of participation will demoralize the employee and he will not discharge his duties as required by the employer. By working at home the graduate would not be accustomed to the rigors associated with office work. Home provided a lay-back, stress-free environment which comes with setting own working schedules. A change from home to office-based working will rob the graduate of flexible work pattern they would be accustomed to (Kruse 2012). The consequence to this would entail failure to meet deadlines set by the supervisor. Fellow employees may not understand the graduates lack of familiarity with office norms and practices and misjudge it as social non-conformist. To overcome this, the graduate need to understand that there are advantages and disadvantages of working either from home or at the office (Bridgstock 2009). Whereas home provides flexibility, office minimizes interruption from family members that eventually eats into time that an individual may have wished to allocate to office work. The objective is to offer best possible service to the organization in pursuit of common goal. The graduate would do well to develop and properly plan daily working hours, create networks at work and adapt to new working environment (Crane Kinash 2015). Coupled with resilience and support structure of teammates, the graduate would eventually actualize the SMART goal. Conclusion The Graduate Employability Framework has guided the graduate in making self-assessment of skills and competencies acquiredin the course of discharge of the current job and the knowledge gained throughout the undergraduate and graduate training period. Guided by this framework, the graduate can decipher personal areas that require additional nurturing in order to become more competitive in the labor market. The graduate has become more aware of personal strengths, weaknesses and key aspects looked out for by employers (Wibrow 2011).This was complimented by drawing up a personal development plan aimed at addressing some personal aspects that require further development and will undertake necessary steps to overcome these shortcomings. This includes designing and duly following work schedules to avoid falling behind deadlines (Curtis McKenzie 2001). He understands the necessity of overcoming these shortfalls in order to increase the prospects or suitability to successfully transition i nto employment. Most importantly the graduate has the willingness to learn new ideas and belief in his strengths to attract and retain the desirable job role of a Finance Assistant. References Andrews, J. and Higson, H., 2008. Graduate employability, soft skills versus hard business knowledge: A European study.Higher education in Europe,33(4), pp.411-422. Bridgstock, R., 2009. The graduate attributes weve overlooked: Enhancing graduate employability through career management skills.Higher Education Research Development,28(1), pp.31-44. Curtis, D. and McKenzie, P., 2001.Employability skills for Australian industry: Literature review and framework development. Melbourne: Australian Council for Educational Research.d. PO Box 8288, Stational Arcade, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia. Gallagher, K.,2010. Personal development in action; in skills development for business and management, Oxford University Press Crane, L. and Kinash, S., 2015.Supporting graduate employability from generalist disciplines through employer and private institution collaboration: final report 2015. Kruse, K., 2012. Forbes/Leadership:Top 10 Benefits of Working From Home, survey results Leece, R., 2005. The role of e-portfolios in graduate recruitment.Australian Journal of Career Development,14(2), pp.72-78.Oliver, B., 2010. Teaching fellowship: Benchmarking partnerships for graduate employability. Wibrow, B., 2011.Employability Skills.At a Glance. National Centre for Vocational Education Research Lt